■^niE BULLETIN

OF THB

NORTH CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RALEIGH

Vol. 37, No. 1 JANUARY, 1916 Whole No. 216

ANNUAL REPORT

OF

FARMERS' INSTITUTES

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.

Entered at the PoEtoffice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,
February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900.

Edwards & Beouohton Printing Co.
State Printers

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

W. A. Graham, Commissioner, ex officio Chairman, Raleigh.

F. P. Latham Belhaven... First District.

C. W. Mitchell Aulander .Second District.

R. L. WooDARD. - Pamlico. Tliird District.

Clarence Poe Raleigh Fourth District.

R. W. Scott Haw River Fifth District.

A. T. McCallum Red Springs Sixth District.

C. C. WuiGHT Hunting Creek Seventh District.

William Bledsoe. ...Gale Eighth District.

\V. J. SnuFORD...' Hickory.. Ninth District.

A. Cannon Horse tshoe.... Tenth District.

OFFICERS A>D STAFF

W. A. GRAHAM Commissioner.

K. W. BARNES Secretary and Purchasing Agent.

Miss Sarah D. Jones Bookkeeper.

D. G. Conn Bulletin Superintendent.

B. W. KILGORE State Chemist, Director Test Farms.

J. M. Pickei Feed Chemist.

W. G. Havwood • Fertilizer Chemist.

J. Q. Jackson... Assistant Chemist.

E. S. Dewar ...Assistant Chemist.

E. B. Hakt _ Assistant Chemist.

D. M. McCarty Assistant Chemist.

F. C. Wiggins Assistant Chemist.

J. F. Hatch ..Fertilizer Clerk.

R. W. CoLLETT Assistant Director Test Farms.

H. H. BRIMLEY.... Curator of Museum.

T. W. Adickes- Assistant Curator.

FRANKLIN SHERMAN, Jh Entomologist.

R. W. Lfiby Assistant Entomologist.

S. C. Clapp , .Assistant Entomologist in Field Work.

B. B. FLOWE .Veterinarian.

H. P. Flowe ..Assistant Veterinarian.

E. G. Hahgett ...Assistant Veterinarian.

W. N. HUTT Horticulturist.

R. G. Hill Assistant Horticulturist.

C. D. Matthews Assistant Horticulturist.

T. B. PARKER- Director of Farmers' Institutes.

W. M. ALLEN. 1 Chemist and Chief, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

E. W. Thor.vton Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. E. Bell. Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

Leland li. Rhodps... Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. B. WILLIAMS Agronomist.

J. K. Pllmmer.. •. Soil Chemist.

W. F. Pate Agronomist in Soils.

R. V. Wi.nters Plant Breeding.

*W. E. Hearn... State Soil Agent, Soil Survey.

L. L. BniNKLEY ...Soil Survey.

H. D. Lambert Soil Survey.

J. L. BURCJE.SS Aijronomist and Botanist.

C. H. Waldrox Assistant Agronomist and Botanist.

Miss Louise A. Rademacher Assistant to Botanist.

Miss Alma I. Stone Assistant to Botanist.

DAN T. gray Chief in Animal Industry.

R. S. Curtis Associate in .■\nimal Industry.

W. H. Eaton Dairy Experimenter.

tALviN J. Reed ..Dairy Farming.

Stanley Combes A.ssistant in Dairy Farming.

tJ. A. Arey Assistant in Dairy Farming.

F. R. Faunham Assistant in Dairv Farming.

F. T. Peden ..Beef Cattle.

tA. L. Jeiidan Beef Cattle.

tJ. D. McVe.\n I'ig Clubs.

Earl Hohtetler Assistant in Beef Cattle and Swine.

tA. G. Oliver Poult rv Clubs.

}E. H. Matiiewson ^ Tobacco Investigations.

%C R. HuD.soN ^ Farm Demonstratiiui Work.

XT. E. BuowNE Assistant in <"hargo of Bovs' Clubs.

}A. K. llouEKTHON Assistant in Boys' Clubs.

}Mkh. Jane S. MrKiM.MON.. Assistant in Charge Girls' Clubs.

MiHrt M. L. Ja.viison ..V Assistant in Home Economics.

C. E. Clauk, AH.-<islant Director Ivlgccoinbe Test Kami, Rockv Mount, N. C.

F. T. Meacham, AfuiHtaiit I>irc-ctor Irelell Ti-st l-'ann, Stalcsvillc, N. V.

John H. Jekkekieh, Assist.ant Diicrtor IVimUt Tesl I'iinn. Willard, N. C.

S. F. Davikhiiv, AHsistant Director Transylvania and Buncombe Test Farms, Swannanoa, N. C.

E. G. Mohh, AHHistunt Director Granville Test l''arni, Oxford, N. C

•Afwigned by the Bureau nf Soils, United States Department of Agriculture.

tABHigniTJ by the Bureau of .\iiim:il llwsbaiiilry, I'niled St:ilcs I )i'parliiu>nt of .\griruHure.

Jill co.ir.iriiii.ii «iil, Itiiri-iii i.f I'l-.nt Industry, United States Department of .Xgriculture.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Hon. "W. a. Graham,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

Sir : — Herewith you will find the statistical report of the Farmers' and
Women's Institutes for the current year.

This partial report is in accordance with a resolution passed by the
Board of Agriculture at its last meeting, ordering that the Farmers' In-
stitute Bulletin shall be published in sections, and that a section .shall
not exceed sixteen pages in size. To comply with that resolution I have
been forced to leave out much material that I otherwise would have in-
cluded in this report.

Respectfully,

T. B. Parker,
Approved for printing: Director of Farmers' Institutes.

"W. A. Graham,

Commissioner.

REPORT OF FARMERS' AND WOMEN'S INSTITUTES. 1915

By T. B. Pakker, Director of Farmers' Institutes.

The followiiifj nuiiil)er of Farmers' and Women's Institutes were held
ill the State under the auspices of the State Department of Agriculture
from December 1, 1914, to December 1, 1915: Fanners' Institutes, regu-
lar, 19n, atti'udaiice, 2.'"),63S; special institutes, 15, attendance, 580; insti-
tutes for negroes, 8, attendance, 720. Total attendance at Fanners' Insti-
tutes, 26,93S. Women's Institutes, regular, 283, attendance, 23,091;
special institutes, 15, attendance, 1,562 ; for negroes, 8, attendance, 1,121.
Total attendance at Women's Institutes, 25,774. Total at Farmers' and
Women's Institutes, 52,712.

The above report of attendance does not include Orchard Demonstra-
tion meetings, Dairy Schools, and other meetings, many of which have
heretofore been counted in with attendance for Farmers' Institutes.

INSTITUTES, 1915.

County

Date

Alamance

July 24

July 27

July 28

Alexander

Auk. 2

Alleghany

Sept. 29

Sept. 30

Sept. .30

Anson

July 31

Auk. is

Ashe

Sept. 2a

1 Sept. 27

Sept. 28

Avery

Sept. 20

Beaufort

Jan. 28

Jan. 2<)

Feb. 2

Feb. 8

Feb. 9

Buncombe

Auk. U

Burke

Auk. 3

Brunswick

Feb. 1

Feb. 2

Cabarrus

Auk. 13

Aug. 13

Aug. 14

Auk 14

Caldwell

Auk. 5

Auk. 6

Aug. 7

Camden

Jan. 22

Carteret

Feb. 2

Place

Lecturers

Elon College... ' French, Pate, Mrs. Hutt. .

VVoodlawn School Sherman, Ikeler, Parker, R. E., Mrs. HoUowell.

Springs Graded School Sherman, Ikeler, Parker, R. E., Mrs. HoUowell.

Taylorsville ' French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

Whitehead Parker, T. B., Gray, Dan, Mrs. Robinson.

Glade Valley Parker, T. B., Gray, Dan, Mrs. Robinson.

Sparta Parker, T. B., Gray, Dan, Mrs. Robinson.

.\nson%'ille Garren, .\rey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Banks.

Morven Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Banks.

\V. Jefferson. Parker, T. B., Gray, D. T., Mrs. Robin.son.

Gra,s.sy Creek Parker, T. B., Gray, D. T., Mrs. Robinson.

8cott.sville Parker, T. B., Gr.iy. D. T., Mrs. Robin.son.

Banners Elk 1 Parker. T. B.. Gray, D. T., Mrs. Robinson.

Pungo S. H French, BuUuck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

PantcKO French, BuUuck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Ransomville French, BuUuck, Mrs. Robin.son, Mrs. Slagle.

.\urora Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Mi.ss Scott.

Washington Garren, Rives, Mrs. (iurreii, Mi.ss Scott.

Swannanoa Test Farm... Gray, J. M., McCracken, .Mrs. Slagle.

Mount Pleasant French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

Mount PLsgah Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, .Miss Ward.

Exum Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, .Miss Ward.

Winccoff .S. H Fr.Mich, P.it-, P.irk.r, R. E., Mr.-<. Hutt.

Poplar Tent S. H French, Pate, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hutt.

Roimer S. H Fr.-nch, Pate, Park-r, R. E., Mrs. Hutt.

Rocky River S. H French, Pate, Parker, R. E.. Mrs. Hutt.

Granite Falls French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

Oak HUl French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

Patt<?rson .School French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

Camden C. H French, BuUuck. Mrs. Robinson, Mra. Slagle.

Newport Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

6

The Bulletin

INSTITUTES, 1915-Continued.

County

Date

Place

Lecturers

Caswell

July

July

Aug.

Aug.

Sept.

July

Aug.

Jan.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Feb.

Feb.

Feb.

Feb.

Feb.

Feb.

Feb.

Feb.

Jan.

Jan.

Jan.

July

July

July

Aug.

Aug.

Jan.

Jan.

Aug.

Aug.

Feb.

Feb.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Feb.

July

July

July

Feb.

Feb.

Jan.

Jan.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Feb.

Feb.

July

Jan.

Feb.

23

24

4

9

18

21

6

23

4

5

9

10

3

4

5

6

8

9

3

4

20
18
19
27
28
29
6
7

26

28

18

19

6

15

10

11

13

7

11

8

23

29

30

11

12

14

15

9

10

11

17

18

9

10

23

30

1

Leasburg

Sherman, Ikeler, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hollowell.

New Hope S. H.

Sherman, Ikcler, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hollowell.

f^of ftTjpba

Dr. Foard's Store...

French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

St. James School... ..

French, Pate, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hutt.

Lenoir College

Parker, T. B., Gray, D. T., Mrs. Robinson.

Siler City

French, Pate, Mrs. Hutt.

Gray, McCrackcn, Mrs. Slagle.

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Clay

Ogden S. H

Gray, J. M.,McCracken, Bowditoh, Mrs. Slagle.

Hayesville

Gray, J. M.,McCracken, Bowditch, Mrs. Slagle.

Shelby

Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren.

Casar

Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren.

Columbus

Old Dock

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Mi.ss Ward.

Bolton

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Hallsboro

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Fair Bluff

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Mount Tabor..

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Chadbourn ..

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Craven

Beech Grove

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Vanceboro

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Stedman

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Currituck C. H

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Davidson

Newbern's Landing

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.
French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

Reeda

French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

Freedonia S. H

Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Banks.

Davie

Jerusalem

Cana Academy

Calypso

Concord

Lowe's Grove School

Mineral Springs H. S

Speed

Sherman, Curtis, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hollowell.

Duplin

Sherman, Curtis, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hollowell.
(iarren. Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Durham

Edgecombe

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Parker. R. E., Pate, Mrs. Hutt.

Parker, R. E., Pate, Mrs. Hutt.

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Dixie S. H

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Forsyth

("!lomTnnn.s

Sherman, Holmes, Jerdan, Mrs. Hollowell.

Burke's Grove

Sherman, Holmes, Jerdan, Mrs. Hollowell.

Belew's Creek

Sherman, Holmes, Jerdan, Mrs. Hollowell.

Gaston

Sunnyside S. H

Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren.

Stanley

Garren, Arev, Mrs. Garren.

Gates

Gatesville.

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mis. Slagle.

Guilford

Pleasant Garden

French, Pate, Mrs. Hutt.

McLeansburg

Sherman, Ikeler, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hollowell.

BattlcKround

Sherman, Hvclcr, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hollowell.

Halifax

Enfield

Aurclian Springs

Garien, Rives, Mrs. CSarren, Miss Scott.

Ciarreii, Hives, Mis. Ciarrcn, Miss Scott.

Harnett

Lillington

Keir, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Turlington

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Waul.

Haywood

Rock Hill S. H

Gray, J. M., McCrackcn, Mrs. Slagle.

Rock Spring S. H...

Gray, J. M., McCrackcn, Mis. Slagle.

Bethel H. S. . ..

Gray, J. M., Mcl'rackcii, Mr.". .Slugle.

Henderson

Green River

Dana

Gray, J. M., .McCrackcii, Mrs. Slagle.
Gray, J. M., McCrackcn, Mrs. ISluglc.

Hertford

Ahoskic. .

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Hobinson, Mrs. Slagle

Mui froc'sboro

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Hobinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Hoke. ..

Raeford. .

Garren, Arey, Mrs. Ciarrcn, Mrs. Banks.

Hyde

Swun (Quarter

Fiench, Bulluck, Mis. Hobinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Sludcaville

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

The Bulletin

County , Date

IredeU.

Jackson...
Johnston.

Lee

Lincoln.

Macon.

Madison.

July
July
Aug.
Aug.
Jan.
Feb.
July

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

McDowell ' Aug.

Martin 1 Jan.

Feb.
Mecklenburg ... Aug.

Aug.

Aug.
Mitchell July

I

Montgomery .
Moore

Nash

Northampton

Onslow

Pamlico

Pasquotank..

Pender

Person

Pitt

Polk

Randolph

Richmond

Robeson

Rockingham...
Rowan

INSTITUTES. 1915— Continued.
Place

Farm Life School.

Test Farm

Linwood S. H

Cullowhee School.

Kenly

Pleasant Hill

LeeC. H

Rcepsville

Liucoluton

Maxwell School

Otto

Higdonville

Marshall...

Mars Hill.

Marion

Oak City

Williams ton

Dixie

Huntersville

Carolina Academy.
Bakersville

July 26 Spruce Pine.

Rutherford.

July
July
July
July
July
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
July
July
Jan.
Feb.
Aug.
July
July
Aug.
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.

27
2S
22
24
26
19
20
11
13
30

1

5

6
20
21
29
21
22
16

19

22

26

19

IS

19

10

11

26 I

11

16

18

3

4

Troy.

Mount Gilead..

Carthage

Aberdeen.

West End

Stanhope

Nashville

Conway

Lasker

Harris Creek S.

Richlands

Arapahoe

Trent

Elizabeth City.

Salem

Willard

Hurdle Mills...

Iloxboro

Ayden

Bethel

Columbus

Pleasant Ridge.

Farmer

Rockingham

Lumber Bridge.
Philadelphus...

Fairmont

Pembroke

Reidsville

Mount Ulla

China Grove

Woodleaf

Union Mills

Walls S. H.

H.

Lecturers

French, Pate, Holme'), Mrw. Hutt.

French, Pate, Holmci, Mrs. Hutt.

French, Pate, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hutt.

Gray, J. M., MrCraeken, Mrs. Klagle.

Garren, Rive.s, Mrs. fJarreii, MLss Scott.

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, MLw Ward.

Garren, Arey, Parker, T. B., Mrs. Garreu, Mrs.

Banks.
Garren, -Arey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Robinson.
Garren, Aiey, Mrs. Garren, .Mrs. Robinson.
Gray, J. .M., McCracken, Mrs. Slagle.
Gray, J. M., McCracken, Mrs. Slagle.
Gray, J. M., McCracken, Mis. Slagle.
Gray, J. M., McCracken, Mrs. Slagle.
Gray, J. M., McCracken, Mrs. Slagle.
Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Robinson.
French, BuUuck, Mrs. Robonaon, Mrs. Slagle.
French, BuUuck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.
Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren.
French, Pate, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hutt.
Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren.
Parker, T. B., Gray. D. T.. Mrs. Maddry, Mrs.

Robinson.
Parker, T. B., Gray. D. T.. Mrs. Maddry, Mrs.

Robinson.
Garren. .\rey, Mrs. Garren. Mrs. Banks.
Garren, .\rey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Banks.
Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Banks.
Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Banks.
Garren. Arey. Mrs. Garren. Mrs. Banks.
Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.
Garren, Hives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.
French, Bulluck, Mrs. Rol^inson, Mrs. Slagle.
French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.
Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.
Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.
Garren, Hives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.
Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garreu, Miss Scott.
French, Bidluck, Mrs. Robinson. Mrs. Slagle.
French, Bidluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.
Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.
Sherman, Ikeier, Parker, H. E., Mrs. HoUowell.
Sherman, Ikcler, Parker, R. E., Mrs. HoUowell.
French, BuUuck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.
French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.
Gray, J. M., McCracken, Mrs. Slagle.
French. Pate, Mrs. Hutt.
French, Pate, Mrs. Hutt.
Garren, .\r.'y, Mrs. darren.
Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, .Miss Ward.
Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hull, Miss Ward.
Kerr, Hutt, .Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.
Kerr, Hutt.JVlrs. Hutt, .Miss Ward.
Sherman, Ikeler, Parker. H. E., Mrs. HoUoweU.
French, Pate, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hutt.
French, Pate, Parker, R. E.. Mrs. Hull.
Sherman. Holmes. Jerdan, Mrs. HoUoweU.
Garren, Aiey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Robinson.
Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garren, Mrs. Robinson.

The Bulletin

INSTITUTES, 1915— Continued.

County

Date

Place

Lecturers

Sampson

Jan. 27
Jan. 21
Jan. 22
Jan. 23
July 29
July 30
Aug. 17
Aug. 5
Aug. 12

Aug. 14
Aug. 16
Aug. 17
Aug. 7
Aug. 16
Jan. 26
Aug. 14
Aug. 16
Aug. 17
Feb. 15
Feb. 16
Jan. 18
Oct. 5
Feb. 13
Jan. 25
Jan. 27
Feb. 3
Sept. 23
Sept. 21
Sept. 22
Jan. 14
Jan. 15
Jan. 16
Jan. 23
Jan. 25
Aug. 2
Aug. 3
Aug. 4
Oct. I
Jan. 14
Jan. 21
Aug. 9
July 27

Beulah..

Garren, Rives.'Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Piney Green

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Roseboro .. .-

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Garland

Kerr, Hutt, Mrs. Hutt, Miss Ward.

Stanly

Norwood

French, Pate, Holmes, Mrs. Hutt.

Endy S. H...

Garren, Arey, Mrs. Garreu, Mrs. Banks.

Richfield-

French, Pate, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hutt.

Stokes

Walnut Cove

Sherman, Parker, R. E., Cutris, Mrs. Hollowell.

Dillard

Sherman, Parker, R. E., Jerdan, Mrs. Hollo-

Surry

Piney Grove Ch

well.
Sherman, Holmes, Jerdan, Mrs. Hollowell.

Antioch S. H

Sherman, Holmes, Jerdan, Mrs. Hollowell.

Pilot Mountain

Sherman, Holmes, Jerdan, Mrs. Hollowell.

Bryson City

Gray, J. M., McCracken, Millsaps, Mrs. Slagle.

Transylvania-
Tyrrell

Blantyre

Gray, J. M., McCracken, Millsaps.

Columbia- - -

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Union

Indian Trail

Garren, Arey, Broom, Mrs. Garren.

Waxhaw

Garren, Arov, Broom, Mrs. Garren.

Marsh ville

Garren, Arev, Broom, Mrs. Garren.

Vance

Towusville.--

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Bobbitt

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Wake-

Zebulon

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Olive's Chapel .-.

Parker,T.B., Gray.D.T., Hudson.Mrs.Maddry.

Warren

Norlina

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Misa Scott.

Washington

Mackeys -- . -.

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Creswell

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Plymouth -

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Boone

Parker, T. B., Grav, D. T., Mrs. Robinson.

Valle Cruces

Parker, T. B., Gray, D. T., Mrs. Robinson.

Sugar Grove . .

Parker, T. B., Gray, D. T., Mrs. Robinson.

Wayne

Rosewood

Gairen, Rives, Mrs. CJarren, Miss Scott.

Falling Creek --

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Seven Springs

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Memorial Church- ,, ..

Garren, Rives, Mis. Garren, Miss Scott.

Smith's Chapel

Garren, Rives, Mrs. Garren, Miss Scott.

Wilkes

CUngmans S. H

Sherman, Ikeler, Parker, R. E., Mrs. Hollowell.

Millers Creek

Sherman, Ikeler, Parker, R. E., .Mrs. Hollowell.

Beaver Creek

Sherman, Ikeler, P;irker, R. E., Mrs. Hollowell.

Trap Hill

Parker, T. B., Grav, D. T., Mrs. Robinson.

Wilson

Stantonsburg

French, Bulluck, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Slagle.

Rofk Ridge

Garren, Rives, Mr.s. (iarrcn, Mi.ss Scott.

Yadkin

Yadkin ville

Sherman, Holmes, Jerdati, Mrs. Hollowell.

Yancey

Bald Creek

Parker, T. B., Gray, D. T., Mrs. Maddry, Mrs.

Robinson.

LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS.

Name

Z5

Akk.y, J. A., AsHi.ttant in Dairy Extension

Bankh, Mitfl. Rosa

I5()Wi)iT<:n, E. D., DcmonHlralor

HuooM, T. J. W

BULI.UCK, J. D

Cdrtis, R. .S

Subjects

Dairy Farming, l.ivi-stock Fanning.

Pastries, Cakes, etc. Jellies and Preserves.

Demonstration Work

Winter Cover Crops. Clovers.

Soil Improvement. Drainage.

Live Stock.

The HuLLKTiN

9

LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS— Continued.

Name

V

£i m
2(Vi

French, A. L , Farmer.

Garren, G. M

Garren, Mrs. G. M.

Gray, Dan T., Chief Division of Animal Indus-
try.
Gray, James M

HoLLOWELL, Mrs. \V. R.

Holmes, J. S., State Forester

Hudson, C. R., State Demonstration Agent..

HuTT, W. N., State Horticulturist

HtTTT, Mrs. W. N

Ikeler, K. C.

Jerdan, a. L

Kerr, J. P., Farnn-r

McCrackex, R. p.. Farmer.
Mabdrt, Mrs. C. E

Milljbaps, E. S., District Demonstration Agent.
Parker, R. E

Parker, T. B., Director of Farmers' Institutes..

Pate, W. F

Rives, J. R., Farmer

Robinson, Mrs. John

Scott, Miss Maroaret

Sherman, Franklin, State Entomologbt.

Slagle, Mrs. J. H

Ward, Miss Jane E

49

54

52

17

18

24

19
1

19
43

12

9
20
17

5

2

25
19

21
26
43

29
24

45

18

Subjects

Gruiii Culture. Soil Improvement by Live
Stock. Farm Munifgemcnt. Grass for Soil
Building.

Fertilizers for Wheat and Various Soils. \.K-
gumes.

Clubs. Sanitation. Hou.sehold Expenses and
F.conomics.

Hog Fci-ding Experiments. Beef Cattle. Adapt-
ing Crop.H to Farms. Wintering Cattle.

Soil Improvement. Corn Culture. Forage
Crops. The Home Garden.

Organization. Care of Infants. Problems of
the Hr)nie.

Care of the Forests. Care of the Wood Lot.

Demonstration and Intensified Culture.

Commerrial Orchards.

Balanced Human Ration— Food. Babies. Prac-
tical Sanitation.

The Dairy Cow and Type. Live Stock and
Soil Improvement.

Dairy Cattle. Live Stock.

Sudan Gra,ss. Poultry.

Beef Cattle. Drainage. Grasses.

Health. Care and Abu.sc of the Body. Econ-
omy and Conveniences.

Alfalfa. Demonstration Work.

Bird.s and Their Protection.

Cultivation of Crops. Soil and Soil Improve-
ment.

Humus and Lime. Poultry. Fertilizers.

Bread, Milk and Butu-r. Cooking for the Sick.

Organizations.
Home Canning
Insects and Their Control. Spraying Orchards.

Insect Pests and Spraying.
Woman and the Home. Cure of the Teeth and

Cleanliness. Canning and Recipes.
Household Conveniences and Economics.

Counly and Local Farmers* and Women's Institute Organizations

Institute coiinnittees are api)oiiit('(l in :ill the counties where institutes
are held. The duties of the membeis of the couiiuittees are to sufrjrest
places wliere the institutes are to be lield, topics for discussion, advertise
the meetings, look after the comfort of those attending the meeting.s, see
that the Imnse or hall in which the in.'^titute is to he held is put in good
order before the hour for the institute to meet.

Farmers' clubs, local Farmers' Alliances, and Incnl Farmers' Unions
can greatly help the institutes by coiiperating with tlic local institute
committees and the conductor of the institute party. Such cooperation
is welcomed.

10

The Bulletin
CHAIRMEN OF COUNTY INSTITUTES.

County

Men

Women

Alamance

Elon College

Spring Graded School

Alexander - -

Alleghany

Anson:

Ansonville -.

Morven

Ashe:

West Jefferson

Grassy Creek

Belleview Academy

Avery

Beaufort

Bath

Pungo

Aurora

Pantego

Ransomville.—

Bertie

Bladen

Brunswick

Bolivia

Ezum

Southport

Mount Pisgah

Buncombe

Burke

Cabarrus

Poplar Tent -.

Caldwell

Granite Falls -

Oak Hill

Patterson School

Camden...,

Carteret

Caswell

Leasburg ,

Catawba:

Dr. Foard's Store

St. James

Lenoir College

Chatham

Cherokee

Murphy

Andrews

Chowan...

Clay

Ogdcn

Cleveland

Casar.

Columbus

Old Dock

Bolton

Ilnllshoro

Fairbluff

Tabor

C. F. Cates, Mebane

W. D. Walker, Burlington..
E. P. Dixon, Saxapahaw...

J. C. Bell, Taylorsville.

W. L. Edwards, Whitehead.

W. W. Carpenter, Ansonville.
W. A. Niven, Morven

F. R. Rich, Beaver Creek

S. G. Parson.s, Grassy Creek.
J. K. Taylor, Furches

J. D. Grimes, Washington.

W. B. Archbell, Bath

J. B. Harris, Pungo

Josiah Brown, Colerain

R. B. Cromartie, Carkton

Jack Johnson, Winnabow

A. T. Danford, Bolivia

W. B. Edwards, Exum

T. M. Thompson, Southport

O. B. Sellers, Supply

Allen Coggin, Swannanoa

Capt. W. B. Borry, Morganton..

R. G. Goodman, Concord

A. D. Crisco, Concord

G. M. Goforth, Lenoir

R. C. Abernethy, Granite Falls.
D. C. Flowers, Lenoir

W. G. Ferebee, Gregory..
D. N. McCain, Newport.
J. F. Walters, Blanch....
W. S. Dixon, Leasburg...

Henry Killian, Hickory.
D. E. Sigman, Newton..

J. R. Paschal, Siler City

G. B. Walker, Andrews

B. M. Ledford, Ranger

D. W. Whisenhunt, Andrews...

Z. W. Evans. Tyner

W. T. Bumgurner, Hayesville..

G. R. Ford, Hayesville

A. P. Spoke, Siielby

A. A. Warlick, Casar

G. H. Tliompson, Chadbourn.

C. W. SiiKKs, Old Dock

Dr. S. A. Siiiitli. Bolton

J. A. Wychc, lluilsboro

C. W. Shelley. Ccrro Gordo....
Minos Meares, Tabor

Mrs. C. F. Cates, Mebane.
Mrs. D. W. Wagoner. Burlington.
Mrs. Lenora McBane, Snow Camp.
Mrs. H. C. Payne, Taylorsville.
Mrs. F. W. Cheek, Whitehead.

Mrs. J. M. Dunlap, .\nsonville.
Mrs. C. W. Ratliff, Morven.

Mrs. J. C. Gambill, West Jefferson.
Mrs. S. G. Parsons, Grassy Creek.
Mrs. E. B. Shepherd, Scottsville.
Mrs. R. L. Lowe, Banners Elk.
Mrs. Ben Bishop, Washington.

Mrs. Carrie Allen, Pungo.
Mrs. T. M. Beacham, .\urora.
Mrs. H. R. Way, Belhaven.
Mrs. Alice Respass, Ransomville.

Mrs. G. L. Clark, Clarkton.
Mrs. D. S. Henry, Winnabow.

Mrs. S. K. Mintz. Millbranch.
Mrs. R. W. Davis, Southport.
Mrs. G. W. Kirby, Supply.

Mrs. W. B. Berry, Morganton.
Mrs. J. C. Black. Harrisburg.

Mrs. D. M. Parlier, Granite Falls.
Mrs. E. H. Kirby, Lenoir.
Miss Mora Steele, Yadkin Valley.
Mrs. W. G. Ferebee. Gregory.
Miss Nettie Fodrie. Newport.
Miss Bessie Thompson, Tx'asburg.
Mrs. L. B. Moore, Blanche.

Mrs. Gordon Wilfong, Newton.
Mrs. W. F. Moore, Newton.
Mrs. D. P. Setzer, Hickory.
Mrs. O. B. Webster, Siler City.

Mrs. J. A. Boyce, Edenton.

Mrs. Frank Khini, Cleveland Mills.
Mrs. Delia Richards, Casar.
Mrs. E. B. Bailey, Chadbourn.
Miss Ruby Hughes, Old Dock.
Mrs. J. S. Strauss, Bolton.
Mrs. Thos. Brown, Hallsboro.
Mrs. Henry Coleman, Cerro Gordo.
Mrs. Viola Carmicliacl, Tabor.

The Bulletin

11

CHAIRMEN OF INSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued.

County

Men

Women

Craven :

Vancoboro

Beacli Grove

Ernul

Cumberland

KinR Hiram

Currit uck

Newborn's Landing .

Davidson:

Kennedy S. H

Reeds

O. McLawhorno, ^'nn^oh()ro..
G. T. Hirhardson, Xi'w Hern.

D. P. Whitford, Askin

R. S. Autry, Stedman

J. H. Smith, Hoi>e Mills

J. J. Ferebee, Shawboro

D. S. Hayworth, High Point.
C. H. Fritts, Lexington

Freedonia S. H

Davie

Duplin

Calypso

Faison

Concord

Durham:

Mineral Springs

Lowe's Grove

Edgecombe

Dixie S. H

Conctoc

Whitakers

Speed

Forsyth

Clcmmons

Burke's Grove

Belew's Creek

Gaston

Sunnyside S. H

Gates

Eure

Gran\nlle

Greene

Grim.>^lcy'.« Chapel..
Guilford;

Pleasant Garden

McLeansN-ille

Battleground

Halifax

Littleton

Aurelian Springs

Harnett

Turlington

Haywood

Rock Hill

Rook Springs

Bethel

Henderson:

Green River

Dana...

Hertford

Ahoskie

Murfreesboro

Stokes Smith, Newsom

M. J. Hendricks, Cana

J. A. Shine, Faison

J. T. Albritton, Mount Olive
H. J. Faison, Faison

A. C. Weatherly, Gorman.

J. C. High, Durham

G. T. DeBerry, Tarboro..

N. B.
O. K.
B. F.
A.B.
T. W.
P. E
No.
J. E.
E. D.
H. S.
W. J.
T. E.
E.G.
W. R.
J. T.

Mr-M. R. S. Autry, Stedman.
Miss P. M. Pool, Hope Mills.
Mrs. E. M. Walker, Currituck.
Mrs. W. H. Brock, Newborn's
Landing.

Mrs. L. E. Bird, Thomasville.
Miss Marguerite Robinson, Lex-
ington.
Mrs. D. M. Feezor, Linwood.
Mrs. M. J. Hendricks, Cana.

yXra. Z. D. McWhorter, Calypso.

Mrs. A. L. Usher, Rose Hill.

Dawson, Conetoe

Taylor, Whitakcrs

Shelton, Speed

Atwood, Winston-Salem.

Griffith. Clemmons

. Burke, Winston-Salem,
2.

Sapp, Belews Creek

Thompson, Stanley

Sellers, Kings Mountain.

Boone, Drum Hill

Story, Eure

Mo.ss, Creedmoor

Dixon, Snow Hill

Dixon, Farmville

C. T. Weatherly, Greensboro ..

W. J. Boone, McI.,oan3ville

J. G. Frazier, Guilford College
G. W. Bryan, Scotland Nock...

Claude S<'.><soms, Littleton

J. K. Patterson, Littleton

C. .Mc.Artan, Liilington

L. L. Turlington, Duke

Dr. G. D. Green, Waynesville.

B. P. Howell, Waynesville

A. C. Walker, Clyde

.M. I). Kin.sland, Bethel

Mrs. J. T. Hicks, Durham.
Miss Beulah Arey, Durham.
Mrs. B. B. Howell, Tarboro.
Mrs. J. T'. Duprce, Rocky Mount.

Miss Eliza Douthit, Clemmons.
Mrs. James Alspaugh, Winston-
Salem.
Mrs. J. E. Sapp, Belcws Creek.
Mrs. Ed. Kennedy, Bessemer City.

Cannon Andrews, Zirconia.

P. T. Ward, Flat Rock

W. P. Shaw, Winton

A. E. Garrett, .\hoskie

J. J. Parker, Murfreesboro.,

Mrs. J. F. Wiley, Gates.

Mrs. J. C. Rose, Pleasant Garden.

Mrs. Jacob Clapp, S^dalia.

Mrs. Emma Joyner, Battleground.

Mrs. Rufus Bradley .Aurelian Spgs.
Mrs. L. L. Turlington, Duke.

Mrs. J. W. Mitchell, Ahoekie.
Miss Mattie Liverman, Murfreee-
boro.

12

The Bulletin

CHAIRMEN OF INSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued.

County

Men

Women

Hoke

Hyde

Sladesville

Iredell

Harmony

Linwood

Jackson

Johnston:

Pleasant Hill

Kenly

Jones -

Pollocksville

Lee - --

Lenoir.

LaGrange -.

Lincoln

Reepsville--

McDowell

Macon

Wests Mills.--

Otto

Higdonville

Madison

Mars Hill

Martin

Oak City — .

Mecklenburg:

Hunters ville

Dixie -

Carolina Academy-.

Mitchell ---

Spruce Pine..-

Montgomery

Troy -

Moore

Aberdeen

West End

Nash

Stanhope

New Hanover

Northampton -

Laskcr

Conway

Olney ■...

Onslow

Richlands

Harris Creek

Orange

Pamlico

Arapahoe

Trent

Pasquotank

Weeksvillo

Pendor

North East S. H....

Willnrd

PerquimiinH .

J. A. McPhaul, Shannon

Chas. Brinn, Swan Quarter.
Z. T. Fortescuo, Scranton.--

R. W. Pou, Elmwood

G. W. Beaty, Harmony

T. J. Williams, Moorcsville..
J. T. Coopor. Whittier

Julian Godwin, Benson

L. B. Boyette, Kenly

T. C. Whitaker. Trenton.--.
A. H. White, Pollocksville..

J. R. Rives, Sanford

G. F. Loftin, Kinston

J. E. Jones, LaGrange

T. J. Ramsaur, Lincolnton

W. C. Kaser, Reepsville

T. W. Wilson, Nealsville....

Arthur Siler, Franklin

John Dalton, Wests Mills...

W. C. Smart, Otto..

J. P. Moore, Ellijay

L. P. Bryan, Marshall

A. F. Sprinkle, Mars Mill...
P. R. Rives, Robersonville.
N. M. Worsley, Oak City...

R. A. Bruton, Mount Gilead

O. B. Doaton, Troy

T. D. Mcl.«an, Carthage

J. R. Page, Aberdeen

W. P. Cochran, West End

S. F. Austin, Nashville..

S. H. Brantlry, Springhopo

Wm. Grcgorson, Castle Hayne..
J. W. Jessup, Rich Square

C. S. Lasker, Lasker

J. O. Flythe, Conway

D. II. Brown, George

Dr. J. L. Nicholson, Richlands

J. M. Francke, Richlands

H. R. Shepherd, Cyrus

A. H. Rimmer, Ilillsboro ,

G. T. Farnell, Bayboro

Mrs. T. B. Upchurch, Raeford.
Mrs. O. S. Howard, Swan Quarter.
Mrs. G. L. Swindell, Scranton.

Mrs. F. H. Stafford, Harmony.
Mrs. J. C. Templeton, Troutmans.

Mrs. J. Willis Creech, Benson.
Mrs. W. E. Atkinson, Kenly.

Mrs. J. H. Henly, Sanford.

Mrs. J. C. Lowe, Lincolnton.
Mrs. W. C. Kiser, Reepsville.
Mrs. S. L. Long, Old Fort.

A. B. Mc.Vuloy, Huntersville..

B. T. Price, Charlotte, No. 4

R. M. Bryant, Matthews, No. 17 [

Chas. L. McNeal, Bandana...

R. N. Morgan, Elizabeth City
H. M. Pritchard, Weeksville ..

Geo. J. Moore, Atkinson

W. J. SaundiTK, Hvirgaw ^

J. H. J.fT.rics, Willard

J. O. Whit.'. Ili-rtford

Mrs. J. L. Hyncs, Oak City.

Mrs. W. J. Ransom, Huntersville.

Mrs. Sam Stowo, Charlotte.

Mrs. W. E. Cunningham, Fort

Mill. S. C.
Mrs. Nora Anderson, Bakersville.
Mrs. T. A. English, Spruce Pine.
Miss Anna Bruton, Mount Gilead.
Miss Norma Buroh, Troy.
Miss Gracie Bradford, Carthage.
Mrs. Chris. Page, Aberdeen.
Mrs. Will Ferguson, Jackson Spgs.
Mrs. Oscar Creech, Nashville.
Mrs. Uobt. Ricks, Stanhope.
Mrs. E. J. Herring, Wilmington.

Mrs. J. J. Parker, Lasker.
Mrs. G. R. Freeman, Conway.
Miss Lovella Brown, George.

Mrs. J. M. Francke, Richlands.
Mi.ss Elda Walton, Jacksonville.

Miss Ethel Brinson, Grantsboro.
Mi.-is Sadie S|)riiill, Oriental.
Mrs. R. N. Morgan, Elizabeth City.
Mrs. S. J. Parsons, Weeksville.
Mrs. Will Lewis, ,\tkiiison.
Mis.s Veta Saiinilers, lUirgaw.
Mrs. .1. 11. J.ITeries Willard.

The Bulletin

13

CHAIRMEN OF INSTITUTE COMMITTEES-Continuod.

County

Men

Women

Person

Warrens Grove

•

J. T. Hawkins. Hurdle Mills....
C. B. Brooks, Roxboro

Mrs. R. B. Milburn, Hurdle Mills.
Mi.sa K.ite Wri*nn, Hf>xboro.

Pitt .. .

J. F. Evans, Greenville

Grifton

J. P. Qiiinerlv, Grifton

Griiiiosland

H. J. Smith, Grimesland

Ayden .

Mrs. J. E. Sawver, Ayden.

Bethel

Mrs. W. H. Woodard, Bethel.

Polk

A. T. Hart, Tryon

Randolph:

Pleasant Ridge

Hugh Parks, Franklinville

Will I^estcr, Mechanic

Mrs. W illard Brown, Ramseur.

Fanuer

Mrs. F. P. Hubbard, Farmer.

W. C. I^ak, Rockingham

E. L. Pegram, Ellerbe

Ellerbe

Robeson:

Lumber Bridge.

Fairmont

Robt. Monroe, Lumber Bridge .

J. F. McCoy, Red Springs

N. T. Andrews, Fairmont

G. M. D. Howard. St. Paul

J. L. McCollum, Madison

Mrs. Thos. Stamps, LumberBridge.
Miss Katie Bouie, Red Springs.
Mrs. E. B. Hayes, Fairmont.

St. Paul

Rockingham _

Mrs. E. G. Johnson, St. Paul.
Mrs. Will Cummings, Reidsville.

Bethany S. H.

Mrs. Claude McCuUum, Summer-

Rowan:

Mount Ulla

J. K. Goodman, Mount Ulla ...

A. W. Winecoff, Salisbury

I. T. Biiilev, Woodloaf . .

field.

Woodleaf ..

Mrs. Ross Lyerly, Woodleaf.

Rutherford

G. S. Harrill, EUcnboro

Wail S. H

C. F. Walker, Boslic

Miss Fannie Tate, Bostic.

Sampson

S. H. Hobbs, Clinton...

Mrs. T. A. Da\'is, Clinton.

Piney Green

C. H. .McLamb, Huntley

D. W. Culbreth, Roseboro.

J. D. Johnson, Garland

S. J. Lentz, Norwood

E. D. Coggjns, Richfield

J. L. Whittey, Mount Pleasant..
J. Wilson Mitchell, Dillard

Mrs. J. T. McLamb. Huntley.

Roseboro

Garland

Stanlv

Richfield

Endy S. H

Stokes

Mrs. J. D. Johnson, Garland.
Mrs. J. C. Dunlap, Norwood.
Mrs. P. R. Mi.senheimer, Richfield.
Mrs. Mary Efird, Big Lick.
Mrs. Addie Mitchell. Dillard.

Walnut Cove

Mrs. .-V^M. Tuttle. Walnut Cove.

Surry . .

J. E. Dodson, Pilot Mountain..

J. A. Blue, White Plains

J. W. Johnson, Mount Airy

A. M. Fry, Bryson City

Piney Grove Ch

Mrs. L. B. Smith, White Plains.

Antioch Ch

Swain

Mrs. J. W. Johnson, Mount .\iry.

Transylvania

P. J. Woodfin, Blantvre

TvrrelL...

W. W. Sawyer, Columbia

J. E. Broom, Matthews

J. R. Eason, Waxhaw

Mrs. J. L. Woodley, Columbia.

I'nion:

Indian Trail

Mrs. J. E. Broom, Matthews.

Waxhaw

Mrs. T. M. Crow, Waxhaw.

Marshville

Vance .

B. H. GrifTin, Marshville

J. B. Allen, Henderson

Mrs. L. L. Greene. Marshville.
Mrs. P. J. --Mien, Henderson.

Wake

W. H. Chaniblee, Jr., Zebulon. .

J. T. Sheron, Wake Forest

A. T. Olive, Apex. No. 3

H. T. Macon, Warrenton

T. W. Blount, Roper

Clemmons Academy

Olive's Chapel

.Mrs. M. Z. Pearce,.Wake Forest.

Mrs. W. S. Olive, Apex.

Miss Lucie Webb, Warren Plains.

Warren

Washington

Creswell

Watauga

W'. T. Hopkins, Cr.-.swell

T. C. Baird, Valle Crucjs

A. J. Jolin-son, Sherwood

J. M. Mitchell, Gold.sboro

John S. Davis, Gold.sboro

E. T. Crawford, Pikeville

W. B. Hood, Mount Oli\-e

G. M. Warrick, Goldsboro, No.4

Mrs. C N. Davenport, Creswell.
Mrs. Finley Mast, Valle Crucis.
Mrs. D. C. Mast, Sugar Grove.

Sugar Grove

Wavne

Rosewood

Mrs. John S. Davis. Goldsboro.

Pikeville

Smith Chapel

Mrs. Jas. Smith, Mount Olive.

Falling Creek

Mrs. Sid. Grantham, Goldsboro.

14

The Bulletin

CHAIRMEN OF INSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued.

County

Men

Women

Memorial Church

Seven Springs

Wilkes -

Clingman School..

Millers Creek

Beaver Creek.

Wilson

Rock Ridge..

Stantonsburg

Yadkin -.

Yancey.

Bald Creek.

D. Hooks, Fremont

0. Quinn, Seven Springs .

G. Hendron, Straw.

F. Callowaj', Ronda

T. Kilby, Millers Creek..

J. Jones, Ferguson

B. Dean, Wilson

M. W. Maekic, Yadkinville..

E. F. Watson, Burnsville

C. L. McPeters, Bald Creek.

Mrs. C. D. Hooks, Fremont.
Mrs. W. G. Parks, Seven Springs.

Miss Letitia Martin, Ronda.

Mrs. Sarah Tulburt, Millers Creek.

Mrs. W. H. Ferguson, Ferguson.

Miss Annie Boyette, Wilson.
Mrs. B. J. Thompson, Stantons-
burg.
Mrs. M. L. Mackie, Yadkinville.
Mrs. J. L. Ray, Burnsville.
Mrs. W. B. Wilson, Bald Creek.

State Farmers' Convention

KoGEE A. Derby, President, Jackson Springs, N. C.
T. E. Browne, Secretary, West Ealeigh, N. C.

Women's Convention

Mrs. James G. Boylin, President, Wadesboro, IST. C.
Mrs. Margaret Scott Smith, Secretary, Raleigh, N". C,

LEAF TOBACCO REPORT FOR NOVEMBER, 1915.

Pounds sold for producers 39,249,071

Pounds sold for dealers 2,678,559

Pounds sold for warehouses 3,047,733

Total 44,975,363

TIIK HULLKTIN

OF TUB

NORTH CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RALEIGH

Vol. 37, No. 2

FEBRUARY, 1916

Whole No. 217

DIVISION OF AGRONOMY

REPORT ON VARIETY TESTS OF COTTON

FOR 1915

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.
Entered at the Pos-toffice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,

February 7, 1901. under Act of June 6, 1900.

Edwards & Broughtok Printing Co.
State Pbintkrs

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

W. A. Graham, Commissioner, ex officio Chairman, Raleigh.

F. P. Latham Belhaven. First District.

C. W. Mitchell Aulander Second District.

R. L. WooDARD.. ...Pamlico Third District.

Clarence Poe.. Raleish Fourth District.

R. W. Scott Haw River Fifth District.

A T. McCallum Red Springs Sixth District.

C. C. Wright ..Hunting Creek Seventh District.

William Bledsoe Gale Eighth District.

W.J. Shdford Hickory Ninth District.

A. 'Cannon ..Horse Shoe Tenth District.

OFFICERS AND STAFF

W. A. GRAHAM Commissioner.

K. W. BARNES Secretary and Purchasing Agent.

Miss Sarah D. Jones Bookkeeper.

D. G. Conn Bulletin Superintendent.

B. W. KILGORE State Chemist, Director Test Farms.

J. M. PicKEL Feed Chemist.

W. G. IIa^-wood Fertilizer Chemist.

J. Q. Jackson Assistant Chemist.

E. S. Dewar Assistant Chemist.

E. B. Hart .Assistant Chemist.

D. M. McCarty Assistant Chemist.

F. C. Wiggins Assistant Chemist.

J.' F. Hatch ["".'. Fertilizer Clerk.

R. \V. CoLLETT..-'.V..V. Assistant Director Test Farms.

H. H. BRIMLEY Curator of Museum.

T W Adickes Assistant Curator.

FRANKLIN SHERMAN, Jb Entomologist.

R. W. Leiby .Assistant Entomologist.

S. C. Clapp Assistant Entomologist in Field Work.

B. B. FLOWE Veterinarian.

H. P. Flowe Assistant Veterinarian.

E. G. Hargett - Assistant Veterinarian.

W. N. HUTT Horticulturist.

R.' G. Hill ..Assistant Horticulturist.

C. D. Matthews ...Assistant Horticulturist.

T. B. PARKER ..Director of Farmers' Institutes.

W. M. ALLEN... Chemist and Chief, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

E. W. Thornton .Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. E. Bell Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

Leland B. Rhodes Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. B. WILLIAMS Chief, Division of Agronomy.

J. K. Plummer Soil Chemist.

W. F. Pate Agronomist in Soils.

R.' Y. Winters.."".'.'"'"""".' ..Plant Breeding.

•W. E. Hearn State Soil Agent, Soil Survey.

L. L. Brinkley Soil Survey.

H. D. Lambert Soil Survey.

J. L. BURGESS Agronomist and Botanist.

C. H. Waldron Assistant Agronomist and Botanist.

Miss Louise A. Rademacher Assistant to Botanist.

Miss Alma I. Stone Assistant to Botanist.

DAN T. gray Chief in Animal Industry.

R. S. Curtis Associate in Animal Industry.

W. H. Eaton Dairy Experimenter.

tALViN J. Reed Dairy Farming.

Stanley Combes Assistant in Dairy Farming.

tJ. A. Arey Assistant in Dairy Farming.

F. R. Farnham Assistant in Dairy Farming.

F T Peden Beef Cattle.

tA. L. jKnDAN."".'.'""I.'.'.".'.rrr Bcrf Cattle.

tB. P. Folk Pi*-' Clubs.

Earl Hostetler Assistant in Beef Cattle and Swine.

tA. G. Oliver Poultry Chibs.

JE. H. Mathewson Tobacco Investigations.

IC R. Hudson Farm Demonstration Work.

tT. E. Browne Assistant in Charge of Boys' Clubs.

tA. K. Robertson Assistant in Boys' Cluba.

J.Miia. Jane S. McKimmon Assistant in Charge Girls' Clubs.

Miss M. L. Jamison Assistant in Home Economics.

C. E. Clark, Assistant Director Edgecombe Test Farm, Rocky Mount, N. C.

F. T. MK.AriiAM, An.Histaiit Director Iredell Test Farm, StatoMville, N. C.

John H. Jkkkkhikh, Awistant I>irector Peiulcr Test Farm, Willard, N. C.

8. F. Davidson, As-^i.^taiit Director Transylvania and liimoomlH! Test Farms, Swannanoa, N. C.

E. G. Mo8«. Assistant Director Granville "Teat Farm, Oxford, N. C.

•AdHigned by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculltiro.

tAssigncd by the Bureitu of .Xninial Husbandry, United States Department of Agriculture.

tin co-opcriition with Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Raleigh, N. C, February 16, 1916.
Hon. "W. a. Graham,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

Sir: — I herewith transmit the report on the results of the tests of
varieties of cotton during the past year, and recommend that it be pub-
lished as February, 3916, Bulletin of the Department,

Respectfully submitted,

C. B. Williams,
Chief, Division of Agronomy.
Approved for printing:

W. A. Graham,

Commissioner. ■*

REPORT ON VARIETY TESTS OF COTTON FOR 1915

By K. Y. Wixteks and V. K. Herman.

Cotton Variety Tests.

Cotton varieties have been tested on three experiment fanns of the
State for thirteen years. More than one hundred different varieties
have been studied in these tests. The varieties are fair representatives
of the most productive long-staple upland and short-staple varieties
grown in the cotton states. Three varieties have been compared during
the entire thirteen years and several have been compared during periods
of five years.

Results from a one, or even two, year test may be misleading on
account of the mixed condition and poor care given most of our cotton
seed. The fact that a variety yields highest in one test does not prove
it to be the best variety in the test. Some varieties have yielded well
one year and poorly the next. Varieties which never lead the test may,
by consistent yielding from year to year, produce a higher average yield
than a variety which leads the test one year. In recent years our most
consistent varieties have been those whicli have received some care in
their breeding and handling. A variety which gives a consistently good
yield is worth more than one which fluctuates from good to poor. The
way to be sure of a good variety is to improve it by selecting good seed
in the community where it is to be grown.

Results of the Test in 1915.

During the past season forty-four varieties of cotton have been tested.
Twenty-four varieties were secured out of the State and twenty came
from points within the State. A special effort was made to secure
representative varieties from the different sections of the State. All of
the varieties were included in the test at Raleigh ; but only the most
promising for those sections have been included at the Iredell and
Edgecombe farms. For instance, the long-staple and big-boll varieties
require a longer season than is usually had at the Iredell farm. For
this reason only the early varieties were grown there. At the Edgecombe
farm, where the season is longer, our best results have been gotten from
the large and medium boll, short-stai)le varieties and the early long-
staple cottons. The results at this farm have been omitted from this
report on account of the irregular stand. A portion of the plats were
destroyed by root lice.

6 The Bulletin

The Expekiment Station Farm.

The cotton varieties were planted in a field of sandy clay loam located
about two miles west of Raleigh. The test contained seven long-staple
and thirty-seven short-staple varieties. Check rows of Culpepper were
included after each ten rows of varieties.

Among the varieties were Cleveland Big Boll from five sources, and
strains of King from six sources. The Cleveland strains ranged in yield
between 452 and 531 pounds of lint per acre. With the exception of
two strains, they were quite different in size of plant, shape of leaves,
size of bolls and quality of staple. The King strains ranged in yield
between 1,058 and 1,417 pounds of seed cotton per acre, a difference of
359 pounds between the lowest and highest. All of these strains showed
mixtures, and four were very different in habit of growth, shape of
leaves and size of bolls. The results represent conditions which might
exist in any variety so generally grown as Cleveland Big Boll and King.
Variety names may be misleading unless we secure our seed from known
sources.

The following tables contain a list of the varieties and data arranged
according to yield of lint and seed per acre :

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The Bulletin 11

The short- and long-staple varieties have been grouped in separate
tables, but may be compared with each other direct, since all of the
varieties received the same treatment.

The Iredell Test Farm.

The Iredell Test Farm is located at Statesville, near the western and
northern limit of the cotton-growing area of the State. The varieties
were planted on a uniform field of Cecil clay, April 10. On account of
the short season only the early short-staple varieties were included in
this test.

The following table includes the varieties and data arranged according
to yield of lint and seed per acre :

12

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14 The Bulletin

Summary of the Cotton Variety Tests.

Forty-four cotton varieties were tested on the Experiment Station
Farm during the past season. Of this number 37 are short-staple and
7 long-staple varieties. The short-staple varieties ranged in yield be-
tween 964 and 1,417 pounds of seed cotton per acre, a difference of 453
pounds between the lowest and the highest yielding variety. This rep-
resents a difference in money value of about $24, which is about the
cost of producing an acre of cotton under average conditions. The long-
staple varieties ranged in yield between 976 and 1,297 pounds of seed
cotton per acre, a difference of 321 pounds between the lowest and
highest yielding variety. It should be noted in this connection that the
highest yielding strains produced a shorter fiber.

In a comparison of five strains of Cleveland Big Boll and six strains
of King it was found that strains of the same variety may differ in
character of plant, size of boll, shape of leaf and yield. Variety names
are, therefore, not safe guides to good seed. The best way to be sure
of a good strain is to select good seed in the community where they are
to be grown.

The variety test at the Iredell iarm contained twenty-one short-staple
varieties of cotton. These included the earliest medium boll and the
small boll varieties. In yielding capacity these varieties range between
370 and 1,261 pounds of seed cotton per acre, a difference of 891 pounds
per acre. This represents a difference in money value of about $40
per acre.

Plans for Improving Our Cotton Varieties.

The Experiment Station is now cooperating with organized groups
or communities of cotton growers for the purpose of improving the yield
and quality of cotton grown in the State. Two communities have
already started the work, and a third has just been organized. The
work can be done by any organized community of cotton growers.

The best variety of cotton for a community is one that has been chosen
on account of its merits, and then further improved by selecting seed
from its best plants. With this in mind, the first part of the work
consists of a variety test to determine the best variety for the com-
munity. The best varieties in the community are grown along with a
few promising varieties from other sources. These varieties are grown
for comparison on one or more farms of the community. They are
tested in a field where each variety may have the same amount of fer-
tilizer and cultivation. Some member of the Experiment Station staff
will take notes at intervals during the growing period and at harvest
time. At harvest time each variety is picked separately and carefully
weighed. With the aid of the notes and data on yield and quality of
lint, tlie growers of the comnumity choose the variety that is to be
grown and improved.

The Bulletin 15

When the variety is chosen the work of improvement begins. One
farm of the community is selected for the breeding work. The plaut-
to-row method of breeding is used and the work is continued in co-
operation with tlie Experiment Station until one or more growers of the
community are familiar with the value and principles of breeding good
seed.

LEAF TOBACCO REPORT FOR DECEMBER, 1915.

Pounds sold for producers 25,383,177

Pounds sold for dealers 1,804,693

Pounds sold for warehouses 1,907,742

Total 29,095,612

Tiii<: iu:i.i.i:tiiv

or TBB

NORTH CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vol. 37, No. 3

RAI.KIOII

MARCH, 1916

Whole Number 218

Injecting Serum into Neck of^Hog

HOG CHOLERA AND ITS PREVENTION BY THE USE OF
ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.

Entered at the PostofTice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,
February 7, 1901. under Act of June 6. 1900.

tDWARDS • mOUCHTON fRINTINO CO.. RAIIISM H C

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

W. A. Gbahau, Comtnissioner, ex officio Chairman, Raleigh.

F. P. Latham... Belhaven First District.

C. W. Mitchell Aulander Second District.

R. L. WooDAUD Pnnilico Third District.

Clarence Poe Rulpiiih Fourth District.

R. W. Scott Haw River Fifth District.

A. T. McCallcm Red Springs... Sixth District.

C. C. Wright ...Hunting Creek Seventh District.

William Bledsoe Gale Eitjhth Di.-<irict.

W. J. Shuford - Hickory Ninth District.

A. Cannon Hoise Shoe Tenth District.

OFFICERS AND STAFF

W. A. GRAHAM .Commissioner.

K. VV. BARNES Secretary and PurchasinE Agent.

Miss Sarah D. Jones Bookkeeper.

D. G. Conn Bulletin Superintendent.

B. \V. KILGORE State Chemist, Director Test Farms.

J. M. PirKEL ...Feed Chemist.

W. G. Haywood Fertilizer Chemist.

J. Q. Jackson Assistant Chemist.

E. S. Dewar Assistant Chemist.

E. B. Hart As.=istant Chemist.

D. M. McCarty Assistant Chemist.

F. C. Wiggins Assistant Chemist.

J. F. Hatch Fertilizer Clerk.

R. W. Collett Assistant Director Test Farms.

H. H. BRIMLEY Curator of Museum.

T. W. Adickes ..Assistant Curator.

FRANKLIN SHERMAN. Jr.. Entomolopist.

R. W. Leiby Assistant Entomoloftist.

S. C. Clapp Assistant Entomologist in Field Work.

B. B. FLOWE Veterinarian.

H. P. Flowe Assistant Veterinarian.

E. G. Hargett ..Assistant Veterinarian.

W. N. HUTT Horticulturist.

R. G. Hill As.sistant Horticulturist.

C. D. Matthews Assistant Horticulturist.

T. B. PARKER Director of Farmers' Institutes.

W. M. ALLEN Chemist and Chief, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

E. W. Thornton Assjstant Chemi.*(t, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. E. Bell Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

Leland B. Rhodes Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. B. WILLIAMS .Chief, Division of Agronomy.

J. K. Plummer _ Soil Chemist.

W. F. Pate.. Agronomist in Soils.

R. Y. Winters _ Plant Breeding.

*W. E. Hearn State Soil Agent, Soil Survey.

L. L. Brinklet ^ .Soil Survey.

H. D. Lambert Soil Survey.

J. L. BURGESS Agronomist and Botanist.

C. H. W'aldron Assistant Agronomist and Botanist.

Miss Louise A. Rademacher Assistant to Botanist.

Miss Alma I. Stone _ Assistant to liotanist.

DAN T. GRAY Chief in Animal Industry.

R. S. Curtis Associate in AniiiiMl Industry.

W. H. Eaton Dairy Experimenter.

tALViN J. Reed ...Dairy ]'"arming.

Stanley Combes Assistant in Dairy Farming.

tJ. A. Arey.. .Assistant in D.'iiry Farming.

F. R. Farnham Assistant in Dairv Farming.

F. T. Peden Beef Cattle.

tA. L. Jerdan Beef Cattle.

tB. P. Folk Piu Clubs.

Earl Hostetleu .Assistant in Beef Cattle and Swine.

tA. C;. Oliver Poultry Clubs.

JE. H. Mathewson Tobacco Investigations.

jC. R. Hudson Farm Demonstration Work.

JT. E. Browne Assistant in Charge of Boys' Clubs.

iA. K. Robertson Assistant in Boys' Clubs.
Mrs. Jane S. McKimmon Assistant in Charge (iirls' Clubs.

Miss M. L. Jamison Assistant in Homo Economics.

C. E. Clark, Assistant Director Edgecombe Test Farm, Rock;/ Mount, N. C.

F. T. Mkaciiam, Assistant Director Iredell Test Farm, .'*tatPsvillo, N. C.

John H. Jefkkrieh. Assistant Director Penilcr Test Farm, Willard, N. C.

8. F. I')avidhon. Assi.stnnt Director Transylvania and Buncombe Test Farms, Swannanoa, N. C.

E. G. Mohh, AHttistaiit Director Ciranvillo Test Farm, Oxford, N. C.

•Aiwigned by the Bureau of Soiln, United States Department of Agriculture.

tAsiiigned by the Bureau of Animal Husbandry, United States Department of Agriculture.

Uo cooperation with Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Hon. AV. A. (inAHAM, Commissioner of Agriculture.

Sir : — T beg to submit herewith manuscript on Hog Cholera and its
prevention by the use of anti-hog cholera serum. I recommend that this
manuscript be published as the March Bulletin.

B. B. Flowe,
State Veterinarian.
Approved for publication.
W. A. Graham,

Commissioner of AgricuHure.

mmi

^^f.^r^-..

'^

HOG CHOLERA

UY U. H. KLOWK. STATE VKTKKIN AKIAN.

Hog cholera is a highly contagious and infectious disease of hogs which,
so far as is known, afiects only hogs. It is characterized by its con-
tagiousness and a very liigh death rate. It is usual to speak of this
disease as either chronic or acute. This is because in some instances the
disease is sudden at the onset and very rapid in its termination, which is
usually death. In chronic cases the appearance of the disease is slower,
and the alTected animals may linger for weeks, and sometimes months,
before they finally die or recover from the disease. However, the cause
of the disease is the same, but the difference in appearance may be due
to the high resisting power of the individual hog or to an itinuated virus.

Hog -cholera is found in nearly all parts of the world. The first record
of its outbreak in the United States was in Ohio, in 1833, since which
time it has spread to all the large hog-raising states and to nearly all of
the other state at some time or another. Some of the larger hog-raising
states are losing more than three million dollars worth annually from
this disease. The annual loss of hogs in the United States from this
disease is estimated at the enormous sum of sixty million ($60,000,000)
dollars. The annual loss in North Carolina alone is estimated at con-
siderably over three-quarters of a million dollars ($750,000). This
enormous loss is going on while many thousands of dollars are being sent
out of the State annually for pork, lard and other meat products.

The first record we have of this disease occuring in North Carolina
was in 1859, according to Commissioner Polk's report of 1879, which
reads as follows :

"Before dismissing the subject of stock, I may mention an additional fact,
developed by these returns, that operates seriously against our farmers, and
that may be worthy the attention of our Legislature. I allude to the destruc-
tion of hogs by the epidemic known as cholera. Since its introduction into
the State, in the year of 1859, it has continued its ravages, with more or less
damage, defying all treatment. It has thus far baffled the researches of veter-
inary science, and is alike unrestrained by heat, cold, latitude or other local
^conditions. The number of hogs reported in the counties before mentioned
is 917,266; the number reported as destroyed by disease during the year is
169,104 — a little over 17 per cent of the whole number. We may safely as-
sume that full returns of all the counties in the State would increase the loss
to at least 200,000 hogs. It will thus be seen that from this source alone our
people lose hundreds of thousands of dollars annually."

C.VrSE OF HOG CHOLERA

The germ or microbe which causes hog cholera has never been culti-
vated in the laboratories, as has been with many other infectious germs.
However, the germ or microbe is present in the blood of sick hogs and

6 The Bulletin

also in the excretions from such hogs, particularly in the urine. It has
been demonstrated time and again that the disease can be produced by
injecting the blood or urine of a sick hog into a well one.

The germ, which is in the blood or urine, is either so small or of Such
stinicture that it cannot be seen with the strongest microscope now avail-
able. Therefore, the germ of hog cholera is classified with the "invisible
micro-organisms." In this respect it resembles manj^ other infectious
diseases of animals and men. \

The Predisposing Cause

The specific cause of hog cholera is the minute micro-organism just
referred to, yet there are a number of things that tend to make the hog
more susceptible. In fact anything which tends to lower the vitality of
the animal may be regarded as predisposing causes. The following may
be mentioned : insanitary condition of the hog lots, filthy drinking and
feeding troughs, improper feed and feeding, damp or cold sleeping
places, etc.

It is to be understood that insanitary conditions, improper feeding, and,
in general, bad surroundings, cannot, within themselves, produce a case of
hog cholera, as the disease is caused by a specific organism which must
gain entrance into the body before a case of hog cholera is produced.
But hogs of low vitality become comparatively easy victims of any dis-
ease-producing germs when exposed.

Period of Incubation

The period of incubation is the number of days between contracting
the germ causing hog cholera, and the manifestation of the first symp-
toms or evidence of sickness. This time ranges from four to twenty-one
days, dependiing on the susceptibility of the individual hog and the
vimlence of the infection.

An acute form of hog cholera indicates a virulent form of infection,
while a slow or chronic form of hog cholera indicates an infection weak
in virulency.

SYMPTOMS

A post-mortem and anti-mortem study of hog cholera will show a
greater variety of symptoms than any other disease afi'ecting hogs.
For this reason, it is often hard for the farmer who has not had special
training along this line to detect the first sick hog in his herd, and
often a large per cent of his hogs are sick before he even suspects they
are sick. Then not being able to detect the nature of the disease he
does nothing until most of his hogs are sick and the first one to show
any signs of being sick are beginning to die, when it is too late to do
anything. So far, wc know nothing that will cure an advanced case of
hog cholera. Then, again, we see in some herds one or two hogs that
contract a mild form of the disease and are ofF feed for a few days, but

The Bulletin 7

soon recover. From tliese animals the entire herd may hecome infected,
and this hcfore cholera is even suspected.

In the chronic form we are more apt to be deceived, and this is es-
pecially so when there has been a previous outbreak cff an acute form
on the farm. This is so because in the chronic form the affected hogs
will linger along for weeks and sometimes for more than a month before
they finally die, or recover, as the case may be. But the acute form
usually wipes the entire herd out within a short time after it first gains
entrance in the herd.

Among the first symptoms seen in hogs affected with cholera is a loss
of appetite, a tendency to hide in the litter or some secluded place and
if forced to get up they show a stiffness in their gait, as if they had
tender feet, and the back is usually more or less arched. At first there
is a tendency towards constipation Avhich is followed in a few days by a
very fetid diarrhea. In light skin hogs, and at times in dark skin hogs, a
red or purple discoloration of the skin can be detected along the belly
between the fore legs and at the base of the ears. This symptom is not
always present but is is frequently seen. When cholera is suspected, it is
well to secure a clinical thermometer and take the temperature of a num-
ber of those hogs that are eating and apparently well.

"We frequently find in a herd where there has been one or more sick
hogs for several days a number of the hogs apparently well showing a
temperature as high as 104 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit, and even higher.
Hogs affected with cholera will often carry these high temperatures from
three to five days and appear to be entirely healthy, but are ready to
come down with an acute form of cholera. The normal temperature of
a hog is from 101 to 102 degrees Fahrenheit.

Owing to the high temperature, lack of appetite and general depres-
sion, vomiting, thumps, quick or jerky breathing is frequent. The muco-
purulent secretion from the eyes often becomes so heavy that the eyelids
are adhered together, causing the hog to become blind.

The most striking difference between the acute and chronic form of
cholera is the duration of the disease. In the chronic fonn the tempera-
ture is not so high. The hog may continue to eat a little every day but
becomes unthrifty and emaciated and may linger along in this condition
for three or four weeks before dying. The acute form ussually terminates
in death between the eighth and fourteenth day.

When there is any doubt of the sick hogs being affected with cholera,
a post-mortem examination should be made on one of the sick hogs in
order to make an accurate diagnosis.

Post-Mortem Appearances

Skin — A close examination of the skin will show red or purple spots
along the belly, between the fore and hind legs and at the base of the ears;
this is especially so in light skin hogs. In chronic cases the skin may

8

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become^dry and hard and slough out in places. The ears and tail may
also slough off.

Stomach — The mucous membrane or inner lining of the stomach may
be very much inflamed and red, frequently shoAving evidence of ulcers.

Lymphatic Glands. — Enlarged, congested, showing hemorrhagic spots
when cut open. Of these glands receiving special attention in hog cholera
are the mesenteric glands, or those along the intestines; lumbar and retro-
peritoneal are those lying near the back wall of the abdominal cavity;

Fig. 3. Ulcers (large intestine), chronic form

the lymphatic glands found near the angle of the jaw; the mediastinal
and bronchial glands in the region of the heart and lungs, and the in-
guinal glands found beneath the skin high upon the inside of the thigh.
Intestines — The inner lining, or the mucous membrane of the intes-
tines, especially near the ileo-cecal valve, the place where the small intes-
tine opens into the large intestine, may be congested and covered with
small red spots. At this point in the intestine it is not uncommon to see
ulcers varying in size and shape. One of the most constant is the some-
what circular button-shaped ulcer standing out from the surrounding
mucous membrane, Avith a greenish-yclloAv center. . The outer surface of

FiQ. 4. Button Ulcers (large intestine), chronic form

the large and small intestines may be literally covered with bloody spots.
Small greenish-yellow ulcers may be seen on the outer surface of both
small and large intestines.

Spi-ekn — Almost without exception, the spleen or "milt" is enlarged,
dark and soft and covered with suuill red spots and easily ruptured.

KiDNKVS — When the capsule, or covering of the kidney is removed,
dark red spots arc seen. Frequently these hemorrhagic spots are so

The Bulletin / 9

numerous that it reminds one of the speckling of u turkey's egg. Con-
gestion and lioniorrhagic spots are also detected when the kidney is cut
open.

Bladder — The inner lining of the hladder may he found congested
with numerous hemorrhagic spots on the surface.

IIeakt — T^umerous petechiae and hennnorrhagic spots may be found on
the heart.

Lungs — In well defined cases of cholera small red or hemorrhagic spots
may be found on the lungs. Again large, dark, consolidated si)<)ts are
found, due to congestion and collapse of the lung tissue. In the chronic
form pus may be found in the lungs. Sometimes the lungs are adhered
to the chest walls and diaphragm.

Symptoms I'sually Found in Well-Defined Cases of Hog Cholera

Ante-Mortem — Lack of appetite, unthrifty, high temperature, emacia-
tion, arched back, wobbling gait, red or purple skin along the belly be-
tween front and hind legs and base of ears, and constipation followed by
■diarrhea.

Post-Mortem — ITemorrhagic spots on kidney, lung, intestinal lesions
and congestion of lymphatic glands. Congested spleen studded with
petechiffi spots.

Infected Premises

The length of time before it is safe to put non-immune hogs on infected
premises will depend largely upon the character of the grounds infected.
If the grounds are well drained and are not covered with too much litter,
80 that the rays of the sun will reach all parts of the ground, it would
probably be safe to add susceptible hogs to the premises in three months.
But, if the grounds are not well drained and have low, wet or marshy
places, it wonld not be safe to add susceptible hogs to the grounds under
twelve months, or even longer. When conditions Avill permit every effort
possible should be made to thoroughly disinfect the infected premises be-
fore hogs that are susceptible to cholera are added to the premises.

SAMTATIOX

Under the ordinary farm conditions it is practically impossible to
disinfect thorough enough to kill out all of the hog cholera infection, but
where possilde all litter should be raked up and burned. This can be
done in small lots and should be followed with a spray of a five per cent
solution of carbolic acid, lysol, creolin or any other reliable disinfectant,
and a liberal application of lime. The pens and houses can be disinfected
in a like manner; if they are inexpensive ones it would be better to tear
them down and burn them. All mnd holes and cesspools should be
drained and filled up.

If these measures are followed one would most likely be safe in adding
susceptible hogs to the premises. If the hog lots or pastures can be used

10

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Fio ') Kidney showing typical lesions of hog cholera (hemorrhagic spots)

The Bulletin 11

for any other purpose and new quarters can be found for the hogs, it
would be much safer.

Susceptible hogs should be treated with anti-hog cholera serum if they
are to be placed on the infected grounds under twelve months. Since it
is practically impossible to thoroughly disinfect a large premise, the hogs
should be immuned to cholera before they are allowed access to the in-
fected grounds, but bear in mind it is always well to use disinfectants
liberally around hog houses.

When cholera has broken out in a herd of hogs in a field, this field
should be covered with a heavy application of lime, and a crop grown on
it for one year before it i's used again, unless the hogs are "immune."

SOME OF THE WAYS BY AVIIK II HOG CHOLERA IS SPREAD

It is well to bear in mind that every case of hog cholera comes from a
previous case of cholera. It is impossible to produce a case of cholera
without having the germs that cause hog cholera. No matter how filthy
the lots or pens in which the hogs are kept, they cannot have cholera
unless the germs from a previous case of cholera are introduced. The
disease cannot arise spontaneously. All secretions and excretions are
laden with the infection and if allowed to enter into a susceptible hog's
system will produce cholera.

Since hog cholera must come from some previous case of cholera, it
behooves us to see that the carcasses of all hogs dying from cholera are
properly disposed of. The infected lots and pens should be held under
strict quarantine. All cholera carcasses should be burned or buried deep
and covered with lime. Cholera may be carried from an infected premise
by dogs, cats, rabbits, crows, pigeons, buzzards, or any other animal that
moves from one place to another.

The Tnrkej Buzzard

The turkey buzzard is one of the three worst agents by which hog
cholera is disseminated in this State. The other two are free range, and
running streams and overflows. "Whenever the carcass of an animal is
left on top of the ground, no matter what was the cause of death, the
buzzards are certain to be attracted to the carcass. If the carcass is one
of a cholera hog they feed upon it and fly away to some other farm, at
time^ many miles away, and they are certain to carry the hog cholera
germs with them. If these germs are deposited in reach of other hogs
they are certain to cause an outbreak of cholera. The importance of
burying all carcasses, especially all cholera carcasses and carcasses of
other infectious diseases, cannot be emphasized too much.

For many years the turkey buzzard, or vulture, was protected by law
in a great many states, as they were considered scavengers, but since it
has been demonstrated that they are one of the worst agents we have in
disseminating disease germs, especially the germ of hog cholera, and

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'^jcaiiiiciJil'"""'^^'''^^'^'^'"*^"

Fig. 6. From group in State Museum (inountpd by T. W. Adickes)
Buzzards feeding on cliolera carcass

The Bulletin 13

other disease-producing germs of live stock, a large number of these states
have repealed this law, thereby permitting the destruction of the turkey
buzzard.

The act protecting the turkey buzzard, or vulture, in North Carolina,
was repealed by the Legislature of 1015.

Hiiiiiiiim' .streams and (herll(»>vs

The infection can be carried for miles down a running stream. If
infected hogs are allowed access to the stream of water running through
the farm, the stream then becomes a source of disseminating the infection
over a wide area. So it is not safe to alloAv hogs to have access to run-
ning streams that do not have their origin on the farm.

The overflows in the Eastern part of this State are a source of dis-
seminating the infection over a wide area. Especially is this so where
the dead hogs are not properly disposed of, or where the hogs die in the
swamps and no attempt is made to locate and bury them.

Often hogs in the free-range territory die from cholera in a running
stream or in large swamps and are never seen by their owners. These
hogs serve as centers from which infection is scattered broadcast during
overflows.

Public Roads

The public roads are another source of disseminating the infection.
Sick hogs often have access to the public roads and leave them infected.
It then becomes dangerous to drive well hogs on the public highway.

Show Hogs

Often hogs contract cholera at shows and when brought back to the
farm and turned in the lots with the other hogs, become the agent by
which the entire herd is infected. All hogs coming from the shows or
new hogs being added to the herd should be held under quarantine at
least three weeks before they are allowed to run with the other hogs.

Public Stock Yards

All public stock yards are infected with hog cholera germs. It is
unsafe to purchase hogs from stock yards for breeding or feeding pur-
poses. Nor should hogs intended for breeding or feeding purposes be
unloaded in pens to be fed unless these pens are thoroughly disinfected.
The cars in which the hogs are shipped should be thoroughly disinfected
before the hogs are loaded. All hogs unloaded in public stock yards, not
intended for immediate slaughter, should be treated with anti-hog cholera
serum.

Infected Hogs Runniiiir at Large

In the territory where live stock run at large, we find a larger per cent
of hog cholera. This is due to hogs affected with cholera coming in con-

14 The Bulletin

tact with hogs from adjoining farms. In this way the infection is often
spread from farm to farm.

Visitors — Hog cholera infection can be carried on the shoes and
clothes of people. It is unsafe for any one to visit an infected herd and
return to their own or any other herd of hogs.

Garbage — Uncooked garbage from hotels, restaurants or other sources
is dangerous. We know of no instance in this State where uncooked
garbage has been fed for any length of time where cholera did not develop.
Feed it only to imrauned hogs or have it thoroughly cooked.

SUSCEPTIBILITY

Young pigs and young shoats are more susceptible than older hogs,
but often we find the older hogs the first to succumb to the disease.

As to the susceptibility of the different breeds, we do not believe there
is any difference. The "scrub" hog and "mule-footed hog" succumb to
the disease as readily as the pure breeds.

MORTALITY

The mortality will vary in different localities and on different farms.
When cholera first makes its appearance in a locality the per cent of
deaths, as a rule, is higher than it is at the end of the outbreak. The
same is also tnie in communities where cholera has appeared for a
number of years in succession. The per cent of losses Avill range around
fifty per cent in some localities; in others as high as ninety-five per cent.
This depends on the virulency of infection and the susceptibility of the
hogs.

As a rule hogs recovering from cholera are greatly depreciated in value.
Unless the hogs are exceptionally valuable ones, it would be more econom-
ical to destroy and burn them when they have developed a well defined
case of cholera.

THE SERUM PLA>T

The State Department of Agriculture now owns and operates a modern
and well-equipped serum plant. The plant consists of a serum laboratory,
virus laboratory, virus hog house, hyper-immune hog house, and about
twelve acres of ground devoted to hog lots. The Legislature of 1915
appropriated $5,000 for the production of the serum and reduced the
price from one and a fourth cents per cubic centimeter to three-fourths
of a cent per cubic centimeter, thus reducing the cost of the scrum to
less than it cost to produce it.

A]VTI-HOG ( IKM.KRA SERUM

In order to make potent anti-hog cholera scrum, il is necessary to
select a hog that is "immune" to cholera. Tliis hog is one that has been
treated with serum and virus at least twenty-one days, or one that has

The Bulletin

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TlIK BULLBTIN

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The Bulletin 17

recovered from an attack of cholera. One attack of cholera confers life
immunity. Into this ''immune" hog five cubic centimeters of vims are
injected direct into the circulation for every pound of live weight. This
hog is then known as hyper-immune.

In the course of eight to ten days the hyper-immune is bled by the tail,
taking as much blood as the hog will stand. As soon as the hog recovers
from the etlect of having a large quantity of blood removed from it,
which is about a week, the hog is tlien bled again and this is continued
until four bleedings have been made. Then the hog is re-hyperimmun-
ized and bled four more times. This is continued until the tail becomes
short, when the final bleeding is made by cutting the throat, and all of
the blood is removed.

The blood from the tail and throat of the hyper-immunized hog is
defibernated (the clot is removed) leaving the liquid portion of the blood
which is the serum. To this serum is added enough carbolic acid to
make one-half of a one per cent solution. The acid is added as a pre-
sen-ative. This serum is a preventive to hog cholera and cannot produce
hog cholera because it contains the anti-bodies which are antagonistic to
the germs of hog cholera.

There are thousands of dollars spent annually for so-called sure hog
cholera "cures." Agricultural papers are full of very attractive adver-
tisements of fake remedies. To spend money for such "fakes" is nothing
less than throwing it away.

It would be well to bear in mind that all products advertised as "cures"
for hog cholera are worthless; also that a large per cent of the serum and
vaccines will not prevent hog cholera.

Anti-hog cholera serum, if ])roperly prepared and administered, will,
without a doubt, prevent hog cholera, but very little is claimed for it as a
curative agent.

Virus

The virus used to liy])cr-iinmunize the immune hog is secured by in-
jecting a small amount of virus (the liquid portion of the blood) from
an acute case of hog cholera into a susceptible hog, or by exposing a
susceptible hog to hog cholera infection. "When the hog has developed an
acute case of cholera, the hog is bled by the throat and the blood is then
defibernated. The virus or liquid ])Oition of the blood is injected direct
into the circulation of the immune hog.

Ways of Vnccinatiny

There are two ways by which hogs may be vaccinated with anti-hog
cholera serum, the Serum Alone Method and the Semm Simultaneous
Method. The Serum Alone Method consists of injecting the required
amount of serum into the tissues of the hogs with a hypodermic syringe.

IS

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The Serum Simultaneous jNIethod consists of injecting the serum as in
the Serum Alone Method, but at the same time a small amount of vitus
is injected.

The Serum Alone Method only confers immunity for a very short
period, varying from four to eight weeks, whereas the Serum Simul-
taneous Method confers immunity, varying from a few months in very
young pigs to life immunity in older hogs.

As- there is considerable danger attached to the Seruui Simultaneous
Method, it is not safe to put this method of treatment into the hands of
persons who have not had special training for this purpose. This is so
because a small per cent of the hogs treated by this method develop hog
cholera and die. This is so when the method is applied by men who have
had long training and wide experience in using the serum and virus. We
think it would be a great mistake to distribute the virus with the serum

Fig. 11. Injecting serum into armpit

over the State to any one applying for it. If this was done we would
expect to see the entire State sooner or later "fired" with hog cholera.
There is no danger of producing hog cholera by using the Serum Alone
Method, and for this reason we think it is the oidy melhod In jihice in the
hands of the untrained.

The serum is sent direct to any one ordening it, witli full directions for
using. If the directions are followed closely good results will follow. It
is always better, whenever possible, to have some one inject the senun wlio
has at least seen it injected, if they have not done .so themselves. Our
advice would be to employ a graduate vetcriiuirian when ])0ssible and
have him inject the scrum for you.

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21

liG. 12. Bleeding virus hog by throat

22 The Bulletin

Jl<>w and Wlioii to Use Seruin

The Serum Alone Method only gives temporary immunity, lasting
from four to eight Aveeks, an average of about six weeks. It is rather ex-
pensive to keep a herd of hogs immuned by this method. We believe it
would be cheaper where a permanent herd is to be kept for breeding pur-
poses to use the Simultaneous or Double treatment. This would insure
protection at all times to the foundation of the herd.

The owner of a herd of hogs should not delay any longer than possible
in securing the serum and injecting his hogs when it becomes known that
they have been exposed to cholera, or when it is known that cholera is
in his community, if there is any possibility of the infection gaining
entrance to his herd through any of the many channels of entrance.

When the serum is used shortly before or very soon after the hogs are
exposed to cholera infection the per cent protected is often as high as a
hundred, but usually ranges around 95 per cent. After cholera has
gained entrance in a herd and a portion of the hogs are showing physical
or thermal symptoms of cholera, the per cent saved of the remaining
apparently well hogs will not be so high, but a good per cent of those
showing no physical or thermal symptoms will be protected.

When a large number of hogs in a herd become sick and begin to die it
is pretty safe to say that they are aifected with hog cholera. Immediate
steps should be taken to secure the serum and inject the remaining well
hogs.

To inject the serum one must have a hypodermic syringe (preferably a
20 or 30 cc. glass barreled one). This syringe should be sterilized by
being boiled in water for fifteen or twenty minutes. Before using, the
mouth of the serum bottle should be wiped off with a five per cent solu-
tion of carbolic acid and the serum then poured into the receptacle with a
cover. Both the receptacle and cover should have been boiled in water
for fifteen or twenty minutes and allowed to cool before pouring the
serum into it. Keep the cover on all the time except when the serum is
being poured into or taken from the receptacle. The hands of the person
injecting the serum should be washed before beginning and kept clean all
the time. Do not allow the syringe or needle to come in contact with
soiled objects.

The serum is injected into the tissues either on tlie inside of the thigh
or into the loose tissues between the foreleg and body. The needle is
inserted perpendicularly to the depth of one-half or one inch, depending
upon the size of the hog. The serum is llion injected and the needle
withdrawn. Before the needle is inserted the skin at tlie point selected
should be washed with soap and water and then scrubbed with a reliable
disinfectant, such as a five per cent solnlinn of carbolic ju-id, lysol or

creolin.

ITogs in infected herds showing a temperature above 104 degrees F. are
considered to be affected with choler;i. The hogs showing higli tempera-

'J'lIK llri.l.KTIX

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tures should be given a double dose of serum; apparently well hogs in
infected herds should be given more serum than hogs in non-infected
herds. (See dose table.)

Tlio Sonim as a Pun- f<»r Hoe: Cholera

No claim is made that the serum ^vill ''cure" a well developed case of
hog cholera. A small per cent of the hogs showing a temperature above
104 degrees Fahrenheit will, if given a large dose of serum, make a
recovery. We believe the per cent of recoveries will justify the expense
of the serum used.

Vaccinating Infected Herds

Do not fail to take the temperature of all hogs in infected herds.
Those showing a temperature of 104 degrees or higher should be given a
double dose of serum.

Never use the Simultaneous treatment in infected herds (they already
have enough infection). Hogs injected with a protective dose of serum
and left in infected lots or pens for three weeks will, in all probability,
contract enough infection to produce the same immunity as those treated
with the Simultaneous method. However, one can never be sure of this.

The Dose of Serum

Care should be used in estimating the weight of every liog injected
because the amount of serum to be used will depend on the weight of the
hog and not on the age. Always be certain not to underestimate the
weight ; it is much better to overestimate than to underestimate. If the
weight is underestimated and too small a dose of serum is given, the hog
will not be protected from cholera. There is no danger in giving an
overdose of serum ; the larger the dose the more certain the protection.

Avoid turning the hogs into muddy, filthy or dusty lots after they are
injected. It is better to keep them in a lot for several days until the
puncture wound caused by the needle has had time to heal. If the wound
becomes infected abscesses may follow. When abscesses form they should
be opened and washed with an antiseptic solution.

A complete and accurate record should be kept by every farmer using
the serum. lie should record the number of hogs that have died from hog
cholera at the time the serum is injected; also keep a record of the num-
ber of sick hogs in the infected lots; how many treated with serum; and
the number of both treated and not treated that die. Don't fail to take
the temperature of all hogs in an infected herd. Those that show a tem-
perature of 104 degrees Fahrenheit are considered affected with hog
cholera.

Tested Scnirn

All serum should be tested for potency before it is used in the field.
Serum sent out by this Department is tested in the following manner:

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The bleedings from the tail ami the final lik-cding i)y the tiiroat of a
number of hypi'rimmune liogs are tiioroughly mixed, whieh is then tested
on suseeptible pigs. The test is made by injeeting two eubie eentimeters
of virns into each of four susceptible pigs (25 to 'i') ]>oun(ls) preferably
from the same litter. These pigs are then injected witii diiferent amounts
of serum. Xo. 1 would get two cubic centimeters of virus and twenty
cubic centimeters o{ serum ; Xo. 2, fifteen eui)ic centimeters of serum and
two cubic centimeters of virus; Xo. 3, ten cubic centimelers of serum and
two cubic centimeters of virus; Xo. 4 would get two cubic centimeters of
virus and no serum. If No. 4 dies within fifteen days and Xos. 1, 2, and
;> show no signs of sickness, we then know that the virus used was viru-
lent and that the serum protected Xos. 1, 2. and 3 from what would have
been a fatal dose of virus.

Directions for Onleriiiy: Senim

The serum Avill be shipped, by express, C. 0. D., to any one ordering it,
unless check or money order accompanies the order. J )o not fail to give
correct address.

Always state correctly' the amount of serum wanted, or give the weight
of each hog to be treated. If a hypodermic syringe is desired, state so in
your order, otherwise it will not be sent. A thirty cubic centimeter glass
barreled syringe will be sent at cost, if ordered.

The serum will be shipped in the following size bottles :

30 c.c, 50 c.c, 150 c.c, 250 c.c, 500 c.c, and 1000 c.c.

The cost of the senun is three-fourths of a cent per cubic centimeter.
NO SERUM WILL BE TAKEX^ BACK; WIIEX THE SERUM IS
PLACED m THE EXPRESS OFFICE IT BECOMES YOUR
SERUM.

Address all communications for serum to the State Veterinarian, De-
partment of Agriculture, Raleigh, X. C.

Vaociiiatifui Doses

It requires more serum per pound of weight to "immunize" young pigs
than is required to "immunize" older hogs.

Cholora-frcc Herds Cholera-infcctcd

for Scrum Alone Herd for Simulta-

Melhod ncoua Method

Suckling pigs 5 to 20 c.c. 10 to 25 c.c.

25 to 50 pounds 25 c.c. 30 c.c.

50 to 100 pounds 40 c.c. 50 c.c.

100 to 150 pounds 50 c.c. 60 c.c.

150 to 200 pounds 00 c.c. 70 c.c.

200 to 250 pounds 70 c.c. 80 c.c.

250 to 300 pounds 80 c.c. 90 c.c.

300 to 350 pounds 90 c.c. 100 c.c.

All over 350 pounds 100 c.c. 120 c.c.

The North Carolina Department of Agriculture assumes no responsi-
bilitv.

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32 The Bulletin

LAMS TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HOG CHOLERA
Penalty for AHowius^' Diseased Hogs to Rim at Large

"If any person having swine affected with the disease known as hog cholera,
or any other infectious or contagious disease, and discovering the same, or to
whom notice of the fact shall be given, shall fail of neglect for five days to
secure the diseased swine from the approach or contact with other hogs not
so affected, by penning or otherwise securing and effectually isolating them,
so that they shall not have access to any ditch, canal, branch, creek, river, or
other watercourse which passes beyond the premises of the owners of such
swine, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be
fined not exceeding fifty dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days." —
Section 3291 of the Revisal of 1005 of 2\orth Carolina; 18S9, ch. 173, sec. 1;
1S91, ch. 67, sees. 1, 3; 1903, ch. 106; 1S99, ch. 47.

Penalty for Failure to Properly Dispose of Carcasses of Animals Dying From

Infectious Diseases

"If any hog or other animal shall die with the hog cholera or other infec-
tious disease, and the owner thereof shall fail to burn or to so bury the same
as to secure it from the reach or contact with other hogs or other domestic
animals of value, or if he shall throw or place such hog or other animal in
any ditch, canal, branch, creek, river, or other watercourses passing beyond
his own premises, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction
shall be fined not more than fifty dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty
days." — Section 329S of the Revisal of 1905 of North Carolina; 1SS9, ch. 173.
sec. 2; 1891. ch. 67, sees. 2, 3; 1903, ch. 106; 1S99, ch. 47.

AN ACT TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HOG CHOLERA.

Section 1. That it shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation
who shall lose a hog by any form of natural death to have the same buried in
the earth to a depth of at least two feet within twelve hours after the death
of the animal.

Sec. 2. That any person, firm or corporation that shall fail to comply with
the terms of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not
less than five dollars nor more than ten dollars for each offense, at the dis-
cretion of the court.

Sec. 3. That this act shall be in force on and after the first day of May,
1915.

LEAF TOBACCO REPORT FOR JANUARY, 1916.

Pounds sold for producer 23,225,595

Pounds sold for dealers 1,358,554

Pounds sold for warelmuses 1,831,873

Totnl 26,416,022

^niE nULLETIN

OP THB

NORTH CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RALEIGH

Vol. 37, No. 4

APRIL, 1916

Whole No. 219

REPORT ON VARIETY TESTS OF CORN FOR 1915

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.

Entered at tlie Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,
February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900.

Edwards & Bhoughton Printino Co.
State Printers

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

W. A. Graham, Commissionpr, ex officio Chairman, Raleigh.

F. P. Latham Belliaven First Distrift.

C. W. Mitchell Aulander Second District.

R L. WooDARD I';iiiilico Third District.

Clarence Poe R;dp^^'h Fourth District.

R. VV. Scott Huw River Fifth District.

A. T. McCallcm ]{ed .Spriu^'a Sixth District.

C. C. U RIGHT Hunting Creek. Seventh District.

William Bledsoe Giile Eiirhth District.

W J. Shdford Hickory _ Ninth District.

A. Cannon Hoise Shoe Tenth District.

OFFICERS A^■D STAFF

W. A. GRAHAM Commissioner.

K. W. BARNES Secretary and Purchasinp Agent.

Miss Sauah D. Jones Bookkeeper.

D. G. Conn Bulletin Superintendent.

B. VV. KILGORE State Chemist, Director lest Farms.

J. M. Pickel Feed Chemist.

W. G. Haywood Fertilizer Chemist.

J. Q. Jackson Assistant Cliemist.

E S. Dewar Assistant Chemist.

E. B. Hart Assistant Chemist.

D. M. McCarty Assistant Chemist.

F. C. Wiggins .• Assistant Chemist.

J. F. Hatch Fertilizer Clerk.

R. W. Collett Assistant Director Test Farms.

H. H. BRIMLEY Curator of Museum.

T. VV. Adickes Assistant Curator.

FRANKLIN SHERMAN. Jr.... EntomoloL'ist.

R. VV. LtiBY Assistant Entonu)lo;xist.

S. C. Clapp Assistant Entomologist in Field Work.

B. B. FLOVVE.... Veterinarian.

H. P. Flowe A.ssistant Veterinarian.

E. G. Hargett Assistant V'eterinarian.

W. N. HUTT Horticulturist.

R. G. Hill ...Assistant Horticulturist.

C. D. Matthews Assistant Horticulturist.

T. B. PARKER Director of Farmers' Institutes.

W. M. ALLEN Chemist and Chief, Di\ ision Food and Oil Inspection.

E. VV. Thornton Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. E. Bell Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

Leland B. Rhodes Assistant Chemist. Division Food and Oil Insiiection.

C. B. WILLIAMS Chief, Division of .Aixronomy.

J. K. PLUM.MER Soil Chemist.

W. F. Pate Agronomist in ."^oils.

R. Y. Winters Plant lirccding.

*W. E. Hearn ..State Soil Agent, Soil Survey.

L. L. Brinkley Soil Survey.

H. D. Lambert. Soil Survey.

S. O. Perkins Soil Survey.

J. L. BL'RGE.S.S Agronomist and Botanist.

C. H. VValdron Assistant Agronomist and Botanist.

Miss Louise A. Rademacher Assistant to Botanist.

Miss Alma I. Stone Assistant to Botanist.

DAN T. GRAY Chief in Animal Industry.

R. S. Curtis Associate in Animal Industry.

W. H. Eaton .Dairy Experimenter.

tALViN J. Ref.d Dairy Farming.

Stanley Combes Assistant in Dairy Fanning.

tJ. A. Arey Assistant in Dairy I'arming.

F. R. Farnham... Assistant in Dairv Farming.

F. T. Peden Beef Cattle.

Earl Hostetler ^ Assistant in Beef Cattle and Swine.

tA. L. Jerdan Beef r.-.tile.

tL. E. Case „ .. ....Assistant in Beef Catile.
B. P. Folk Viu ("lul>8.

tA. G. Oliver Poultrv Cluhs.

JE. H. Mathewson Tobacco Invesimations.

iC. R. Hudson Farm Demonstration Work.

JT. E. Browne Assistant in Charge of Boys' ("lul->8.

tA. K. Robertson .Assistant in Hoys' Cluha.

JMns. Jane S. McKimmon A&sistant in Charire Cirls' Clubs.

MiBS M. L. Jamison Assistant in Home Economicfl.

C. E. Clark, Assistant Director Edgecombe Test Farm, Rocky Mount, N. C.

F. T. Meacham, A».ii»tnnt Director Iredell Test Farm, l»tates\ llle. N. C.

John H. Jekferiks. Assistant Director Pender Test Farm, Uillard, N. C.

8. F. Davidson, Asaistant Director Buncombe Test Farm. Swaiinanoa, N. C.

E f'l. Mf>H». ARsifltant Director Oranville Teat Farm. Oxford, N C.

J. E Davidson, Assistant Director Triinsylvania Test Farm, Blantyre, N. C.

•AiwigneH by the Bureau of Soils. ITnited States Department of Agriculture.

tAsBigtied by the Bureau of Animal Husbandry, United ."states Department of Agriculture.

{Id cooperatioD with Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Raleigh, K C, March 16, 1910.
IIo.N. W. A. Graham,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

Sir: — I submit herewith the results of field trials with different

varieties of corn secured during the past year by the Division of

Agronomy on different types of soil in different parts of the State. I

would recommend that these be published as April Bulletin of the

Department. Yours respectfully,

C. B. Williams,
Chief, Division of Agronomy.

Ap])roved for ])ublication:

W. A. Graham,

Commissioner.

CORN VARIETY TESTS FOR 1915.

By U. Y. WiMEKS, G. M. Gakukn, amj Buxton Wiim:.

OuK Corn Chop.

The 1015 corn crop of the State is estimated at 64,050,000 bushels,
an average yield of 21 bushels per acre. Compared with the estimated
yield for 19i;3 this shows an increase of 1.5 bushels per acre. This
amount seems small when the increase for one acre is considered; but it
amounts to an increase of 4,500,000 bushels in the corn crop of the
State. The average corn yield for the State is less by 7.2 bushels per
acre than that of the entire country. When one compares the present
average yield for the State with yields from individual fanns or even
the average for the country it indicates our future possibilities.

Most of our increase in corn yield has come from the use of better
methods of culture, rotations, and the more intelligent use of fertilizers.
Our energies have been used to make the soil a' better place for growing
corn. ^lore recently Ave have learned to improve the seed.s so that they
will produce better crops on these soils. Some varieties are better
producers than others and certain plants of each variety are better pro-
ducers than others. With this in mind, one should secure the best
variety and save seed from its best plants. It is the object of this
T^ULLETiN to suggest 3 few of the best corn varieties for the different sec-
tions of the State.

The Corn Variety Tests.

Twenty-four of corn varieties were grown for comparison at six of the
State Test Farms. "With the exception of two extra varieties at the Ire-
dell Farm, the same varieties were grown at each of the farms. The
varieties were planted in duplicate series which together made one-
twentieth of an acre. The rows were made four feet apart and the seed
were dropped by hand at intervals of two feet. The plants were thinned
to one stalk per hill.

Thk Varikties.

Among the varieties tested are two strains of yellow corn and twenty-
two of white. One of the yellow corns, Jarvis' Golden, is a two-eared
corn, and the other, Wyatt's Improved Yellow, is a one-eared corn. The
twenty-two white corns include a few large one-eared varieties, several
medium to large two-eared varieties and several of the smaller prolific
varieties. The varieties are listed in Table I, according to the average
number of ears per stalk. The values for average number and weight
of ears per stalk is an average of results from five of the test farms.

The Bulletin

TABLE I.— AVERAGE NUMBER AND WEIGHT OF EARS PER STALK.

Varieties

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Average Wfeight, in
Pounda, of Ears Per
Stalk

Biggs' Seven Ear

1.72
1.49
1.40
1.38
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.27
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.20
1.19
1.11
1.05
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
.99
.98
.97
.96

60

Batts' Four Ear

.60

Gerrick's Prolific

58

Weakley's Improved..

6?

Cocke's Prolific

■iS

Southern Beauty

61

W'annamaker

61

Jarvis' Golden Prolific

S<»

Marlboro Prolific

■)8

Goodman's ProUfic

5?

Lippard's Improved

57

Blount's Prolific

49

Parker's Prolific

58

Latham's Double

60

Coker's Williamson

59

Eureka

55

First Generation Cross No. 182...
Deaton'a Favorite

.58

58

Hickory King

45

Southern Snow Flake

54

Boone County White

52

Shenandoah White Dent

51

Wyatt's Improved Yellow

55

Columbia Beauty

51

The Buncombe Test Farm.

The Buncombe Test Farm is located in the Swannanoa Valley about
eleven miles east of Asheville. The farm is about 2,400 feet above sea
level. According to the U. S. Weather Bureau report* on this section
the average date for the last killing frost in spring is April 17, and the
average date for the first killing frost in fall is October 3. This gives
an average of 169 days between the spring and fall frosts. During the
past season the rainfall for this section was 40.22 inches, 9.34 less than
normal. Fifty per cent of the total rainfall was well distributed
throughout the corn growing season. The soil of this farm on which
the tests were made is classified as Porter's Loam.

The varieties and results of this test are listed in Table II, according
to yield of shelled com per acre.

In this test the varieties range in yield betw^een 28.2 and r)0.6 bushels
of shelled corn per acre, Avith a difference of 22.4 bushels betw^een the
lowest and liighest yielding variety. The two highest yielding varieties,
Latham's Double and Southern Beauty, were rather low yielders at this
fami in 1914.

'D. 8. Weather Bureau, ClimBtological Data. N. 0. Section, 1915.

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The Bulletin 9

111 the coini)aiisiai >>( \;iiiLUL's it is difficult to secure uuil'orm con-
ditions for all varieties during an individual test. For this reason
results from a series of tests should furnish a more reliable comparison.
Table III contains compiled results of twelve varieties which have been
tested at the Hunconibe Farm durinir the same five years. The varieties
are arranged in order of yield of .shelled corn per acre. The average
yields range between 28.5 and 32.1 bushels per acre, a difference of 3.6
bushels between the lowest and highest yielding variety. The difference
between the highest ;iiid lowest is rather small here, and the differences
in the first three or four varieties is too small to be considered of much
importance.

The Iredell Test Farm.

The Iredell Test Farm is located in the western portion of the Pied-
mont section, about two miles northwest of Statesville. This section
had unusually good conditions for corn growing during the past season.
The rainfall amounted to 59.4, 8.63 inches above normal. About fifty-five
per cent of the rainfall came during the growing season. The corn
varieties were planted in a uniform field of Cecil Clay Loam.

The varieties and results of this test are listed in Table IV, accord-
ing to yield of shelled corn per acre.

At the Iredell farm the varieties ranged in yield between 42.6 and
60.S bushels per acre, a difierence of 18.2 bushels between the lowest and
highest yielding variety. At 75 cents per bushel this gives a difference
in money value of $13.65 per acre between the lowest and highest yield-
ing variety. The two leading varieties of this test, Jarvis' Golden
Prolific and Southern Beauty, are hv.ing bred in the State. Both of
these varieties have been good yielders in previous tests at this farm.

Since twelve of the corn varieties have been tested at the Iredell farm
during the same five years a comparison of their average yields should
be of value here. Table V contains a list of these varieties arranged
in order of their average yields. The average yields range between
33.3 and 45.7 bushels ijer acre, with a difference of 12.4 bushels between
the lowest and highest yielding variety. In this series of tests the more
prolific vareties are the highest yielders. The two varieties which lead
in this series of tests do not lead in the production of ears per stalk.
Southern Beauty and Weekley's Improved rarely produce more than
two ears per stalk. Such results suggest that it would be best to select
corn in this section for two medium-sized ears rather than for the larger
number of small ears. This matter is discussed more fully in another
portion of this Bulletin.

The Central Farm.

The Central Farm is located in the eastern portion of the Piedmont
section, about two miles west of Kaleigh. The past season in this sec-
tion has been unusually dry for the best growth of corn. The total

10

The Bulletin

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12 The Bulletin

rainfall* amounted to only 30.46 inches, or 10.14 inches less than the
normal. The soil type at the Central Farm is Cecil Sandy Loam.

A list of the varieties and results of the test at the Central Farm are
included in Table VI.

These results show a range in yield between 14 and 32.8 bushels per
acre, giving a diiference of 18. S bushels between the lowest and highest
yielding variety. In this test the more prolific varieties are decidedly
the highest yielders.

l!^ineteen of the above varieties have been tested for three years at
the Central Farm. A summary of their results are included in
Table VII. The average yields for these varieties range between lo.fi
and 27.9 bushels per acre, giving a difference of 12.3 bushels between the
lowest and highest yielding variety. With the exception of First Gen-
eration Cross ISTo. 182, the leading varieties in this series of tests are
among the more prolific corns. First Generation Cross N^o. 182 is a
one-eared corn originated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The
variety was selected from a cross between Boone County White and
Hickory King.

*U. S. Weather Bureau, Climatological Data, N. C. Section, 1915.

The Bfi.i.KTix

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The Bulletin

TABLE VIL— COMPILED RESULTS OF VARIETY

TEST OF CORN-

-CENTRAL STATION.

Varieties

Yield Per Acre

1913

1914

1915

Average

for Three

Years

8(5

^ o

o
m

II

a
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oo

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PQm

1

Biggs' Seven Ear

3310
2440
3580
2500
3540
3040
2940
3680
3480
3680
3180
2500
2210
2440
3460
3740
2600
3960
2270

34.0
34.2
33.0
28.0
32.7
25.5
26.9
27.0
32.3
26.6
25.5
23.3
19.5
■21.8
23.8
26.2
20.0
18.9
19.8

2360
2080
2240
1920
1880
2000
2240
2380
2520
1760
1920
2160
2000
1680
2400
2240
1960
2900
1480

16.8

21.1

13.3

13.3

13.5

12.0

13.1

8.8

9.8

14.2

13.3

8.2

17.6

17.9

8.2

6.8

11.0

7.2

13.1

1990
1420
1660
2045
1570
2130
1905
2190
1700
1510
1900
2005
1180
1610
1820
2400
1875
2030
1050

32.8
22.6
24.0
28.0
21.8
29.0
26.4
30.4
19.0
18.8
20.4
24.6
18.6
14.8
22.0
17.0
18.8
20.8
14.0

2553
1980
2493
2155
2330
2390
2362
2750
2567
2317
2333
2222
1797
1910
2560
2793
2145
2963
1600

27.9

2

First Generation Cross No. 182

26.0

3

Cocke's Prolific ..

23.4

4

Southern Beauty

23.1

5

Jarvis' Golden Prolific

22.7

6

7

7
8

Weeklev's Improved

22.2

Parker's Prolific

22.1

Batts' Four Ear

22.1

Marlboro Prolific

20.4

9

Hickorv King .

19.9

in

Blount's Prolific

19.7

11

Goodman's Prolific

18.7

12

Boone County White

18.6

13

Columbia Beauty ...._.

18.2

14

Latham's Double

18.0

Ifl

Eureka

16.7

16

Deaton's Favorite

16.6

17

Gerrick's Prolific...

15.6

17

Shenandoah White Dent

15.6

The Granville Test Farm,

The Granville Farm is located in the northeastern portion of the
Piedmont section about one mile southwest of Oxford. The soil of
this farm is of the Durham Sandy Loam type. The plat used for the
com variety tests is low in fertility, though it furnishes a fair repre-
sentative of the soils of this section.

The varieties and results of this test are included in Table VIII.

At this farm the varieties ranged in yield between 19.4 and 30.4
bushels of shelled corn per acre, a difference of 11 bushels between the
highest and lowest yielding variety. Tests have not been made at this
farm a sufficient number of years to determine the varieties best suited to
the section.

The Edgecombe Test Farm.

The Edgecombe Farm is located in the upper western portion of the
Coastal i)lain, about seven miles southeast of Rocky Mount. The soil
used for the corn variety test is of the Norfolk Sandy Loam type.
Although the rainfall was somewhat less than normal the past season has
been unusually good for corn growing in tliis section.

The Bulletin

16

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16

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TlIK IJir.I.KTIN 17

The rosults nt" the test are iiiehided in Tahle IX.

The highest yielding variety of the test produced G'.iA hushels of
-helh'd corn jter acre, the highest yiehl itroduced in the series of tests.
The lowest yielding variety produced 3G.2 hushels of shelled corn per
acre, 27.2 hushels less than the highest, in the test at this farm all the
varieties produced a higher ninnher of ears per stalk and a fewer num-
hcr of harren stalks than at any of the other farms. The two-cared
varieties are decidedly in the lead in this section.

In four previous tests, twelve of the above varieties have been com-
pared for grain and stover production. The compiled results of these
tests have been included in Tahle X. In this section the series of five
tests has given first place to ^Marlboro Prolific with Bigg's Seven-ear
a close second. Boone County White, a variety which has ranked well
in tests in the western part of the State, has given the lowest average
yield here.

The "Washington Test Farm.

The Washington Farm is located in the northeastern portion of the
Coastal plain, about eleven miles north of Belhaven. The soil at this
farm is muck. The muck extends down two to three feet to a fine sandy
clay subsoil. The farm has recently been cleared and is not yet in a
good stage of cultivation.

The corn varieties gave a fair stand early in the season; but failed to
develop except in irregular spots. The spots are said to be places
where stumps and logs were burned. Some of these spots were still
marked by partly burned logs or stumps, while others showed no
evidence of having been burned. These spots were so distributed about
the plats as to make a comparison of yield unfair. Xotes taken on
portions of the plats away from the spots rank Latham's Double, Coker's
Williamson and Wannamaker's Prolific among the best in the test.

ReLATIOX of XtMHEK OF EaRS Pek StaI.K TO YiELD.

At present there seems to be a difference of opinion in regard to the
value of one-earned, two-eared, and the more prolific corns in the
different sections of the State. Until recently, the one-eared varieties
have been most popular in the extreme Avestem and eastern portions
of the. State. More recently the one-eared varieties are being replaced
by the two-eared and more prolific varieties. Whether this is due to
natural merits of the i)rolific varieties or to the fact that more attention
has been giving to their breeding, has not been determined. The fact
remains that the prolific varieties have led in all of the tests except in
those located at the Buncombe Farm. At the Buncombe Farm, Boone
County AVhite came first in an average of five years' tests, but gave only
I a very slight lead over the prolific varieties.

Com varieties, such as Biggs' Seven-ear and Batts' Four-ear, have no
doubt been originated with the idea of increasing the yield by increasing

18

The Bulletin

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The Bulletin 19

the maiib(u- o( cars par stalk. ISelcftin^ may go too far iu this directiou.
Since more than 50 per cent of the corn grown in the State is harvested
by hand, the extra hibor and waste necessary in the harvesting of a large
number of small ears and nubbins is very evident. The larger number
of ears arc usually accompanied by a large quantity of damaged grains.

During the past season data has been secured on the number and
weight of good ears for each variety tested. Since the varieties hold
practically the same relation on each farm, the results from all of the
farms have been averaged and arranged in Table XL The varieties
are arranged according to percentages of nubbins by count. Biggs'
Seven-ear gave the highest percentage of nubbins and First Generation
Cross No. 182 the lowest. Xearly 43 per cent of the ears borne by
Biggs' Seven-ear were nubbins, and their weight amounted to 28.79
per cent of the total weight of ears. These results suggest some of the
advantages that may come from selecting our best two-eared varieties
for increase yield of grain per stalk, rather than increasing unduly the
number of ears per stalk.

The question is often raised as to which is the best for ensilage, the
large one-eared corns or the prolific sorts. In answering this question
one should consider both the quantity and quality of material secured
from each. Although the large one-eared corns may produce a larger
quantity of ensilage the quality and food value is not so good as that
from the prolific varieties. The results of the variety tests furnish
some data for thi^ comparison. Although no weights were taken at the
ensilage stage, weights of the dried stover and ears should furnish a fair
comparison. Weights from four of the most prolific varieties and four
of the largest one-eared varieties are compared in Table XII. The four
prolific varieties gave an average yield of 2,6G9 pounds of dry stover
and 2,868 pounds of ears with a total yield of 5,537 pounds of dry
stover and ears. The four one-eared varieties produced an average of
2,425 pounds of dried stover and 2,247 pounds of ears, giving a total
weight of 4,672 pounds per acre. In these tests the prolific varieties have
produced a larger quantity of ears and stover. Eureka, one of the popu-
lar ensilage corns, produced 3,755 pounds of dry stover and 2,521 pounds
of ears, while Wcekley's Improved, a prolific variety, yielded 2,775
pounds of dry stover and 2,957 pounds of ears per acre. Though
Eureka produced more stover by 98Q pounds, Weekley's Improved
yielded more ears by 436 pounds per acre. Although the total yield from
Weeklcy's Improved is less than Eureka by 540 pounds per acre, its
food value is greater on account of its higher production of grain.
Other large varieties would no doubt yield more ensilage than the one-
eared varieties of this test. The larger corns, however, produce ensilage
of lower food value on account of their low yield of grain. In such
comparison one should consider the total food value rather than amount
of ensilage secured. The above results indicate that the prolific varie-
ties will produce a greater quantity of actual food per acre.

20

The Bulletin

TABLE XI.— AVERAGES SHOWING RELATION OF GOOD EARS TO NUBBINS OF THE

VARIETIES TESTED.

Weight

Number by Actual Count

Varieties

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Si

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Biggs' Seven Ear.

107.13
126 .25
113.31
124 .44
121.13
116.56
112.00
118.81

92.88
131 .44
129.75
105 .44

97.75
111.00
119.56
117.25
111.00
127.18
133 .06

92.69

96.25
131 .50
123 .38
129.31

43.31
29.13
25.44
27.31
22.25
19 .50
23.38
21.94
13.50
25.88
21.69
18.75
15.63
13\75
14.44
17.50
13.69
19.06
18.06
12.31
12.63
16.31
13.25
12.25

150.44
155 .38
138.75
151 .75
143.38
136.06
135 .38
140.75
106.38
157 .32
151 .44
124.19
113.38
124 .75
134.00
134 .75
124 .69
146 .24
151.12
105 .00
108 .88
147.81
136.63
141 .56

28.79
18.75
18.34
18.00
15.52
14.33
17.27
15.59
12.69
16.45
14.32
15.10
13.79
11.02
10.78
12.99
10.98
13.03
11.95
11.72
11.60
11.03
9.70
8.65

266
280
226
208
226
209
230
218
140
271
215
228
156
162
17a
199
202
253
276
149
189
241
177
197

199

153

122

107

104

92

100

94

57

110

87

90

60

60

61

68

69

85

89

47

59

71

52

SO

465
433
348
315
330
301
330
312
197
381
302
318
216
222
231
267
271
338
365
196
248
312
229
247

42.80

Batts' Foiir Ear

35.33

Gerrick's Prolific

35.06

Southern Beauty

33.97

Wannamaker

31 .52

Lippard's Improved

30.56

Goodman's Prolific

30.30

Marlboro Prolific

30.13

Boone County White

28.93

Weekley's Improved

28.87

Latham's Double

28.81

Blount's Prolific

28.30

Columbia Beauty

27.78

Southern Snow Flake..

27.03

Wyatt's Improved Yellow

26.41

Coker's Williamson

25.47

Eureka ..

25.46

Jarvis Golden Prolific.

25.15

Cocke's Prolific

24.38

Shenandoah White Dent...

23.98

Hickory King

23.79

Parker's Prolific.

22.76

Deaton's Favorite

22.71

First Generation Cross No. 182

20.24

TABLE XII.— COMPARISON OF PROLIFIC AND ONE-EARED VARIETIES FOR ENSILAGE.

Prolific Varieties

Batla' Four Ear

Weekley's Improved

Cocke's Prolific

Bikkh' Seven Ear

Averages

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2775
2474
2409

2060

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2957
2798
2827

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590S ; Eureka

5732 Southern Snow Flake

5272 Boone County White

5236 j Shenandoah Wliitc Dent

5537 .Averages

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4672

The Bulletin 21.

Summary.

During the past season twenty-four varieties of corn were tested at
six of the experimental farms. These varieties represent some of the
best corns grown in this am] adjoining States. Tlie farms are .so dis-
tributed as to represent the different soils and climatic conditions of
North Carolina.

Along with the results for 1915 are given the averaged results from
four previous tests at four of the farms. These results are guides to the
best varieties for the different sections of the State. They point out
good varieties which may be developed into even better strains, if prop-
erly selected. With the exception of the extreme western part of the
State, the two-eared and more prolific coras have yielded best. In the
western part of the State, Boone County White, a one-eared variety, gave
the highest yield in a series of five tests; but w^as followed very closely
by the two-eared varieties.

It is recommended that growers improve the best two-eared varieties
by selecting for increased yield of grain per stalk instead of selecting
for a larger number of ears per stalk. The recommendation is based
on the following facts :

1. Since more than 90 per cent of the corn grown in the State is
gathered by pulling the ears, the handling of a large number of small
ears and nubbins Avould require more labor..

2. The grain from a large number of ears and nubbins contains a
greater quantity of trash and damaged grains.

3. Some of the two-eared varieties yield as much grain per acre as
the more prolific varieties.

In comparing the two-eared and more prolific varieties with the one-
eared varieties for production of ensilage, the two-eared and more pro-
lific varieties have given a higher yield of dry matter and more food value
per acre than the one-eared corns. It is pointed out that ensilage corn
should not be judged by the quantity of material ; but the quantity of
actual food it contains. The yield of grain and stover should be con-
sidered in the comparison of ensilage corns.

22 The Bulletin

SOURCES OF SEED OF VARIETIES OF CORN DURING THE

SEASON OF 1915

Variety. Source of Seed.

1. Batts' Four-Ear J. F. Batts Garner, N. C.

2. Biggs' Seven-Ear P P. Shields Scotland Neck, N. C.

3. Blount's Prolific T. W. Wood & Sons Richmond, Va.

4. Boone County White T. W. Wood & Sons Richmond, Va.

5. Cocke's Prolific Edgecombe Test Farm.. . .Rocky Mount, N. C.

6. Coker's Williamson Pedigreed Seed Farm Hartsville, S. C.

7. Columbia Beauty T. W. Wood & Sons Richmond, Va.

8. Beaton's Favorite Chas. Deaton Carthage, N. C.

9. Eureka 'i. W. Wood & Sons Richmond, Va.

10. Experiment Station Yellow. .Alabama Experiment Station. . .Auburn, Ala.

11. First Generation Cross

No. 182 B ireau of Plant Indus:ry. .Washington, D. C.

12. Gerrick's Prolific Bureau of Plant Industry. .Washington, D. C.

13. Goodman's Prolific J. K.' Goodman Mt. Ulla, N. C.

14 Henry Grady Alabama Experiment Station. . .Auburn, Ala.

15. Hickory King T. W. Wood & Sons Richmond, Va.

16. Jarvis Golden Prolific J. M. Jarvis Winston-Salem, N. C.

17. Latham's Double F. P. Latham Belhaven, N. C.

18. Lippard's Improved J. H. Holcomb Hominy, N. C.

19. Marlboro Prolific Excelsior Seed Farm Cheraw, S. C.

20. Parker's Prolific 1 . B. Parker Raleigh, N. C.

21. Shena-idoah White Dent T W. Wood & Sons Richmond, Va.

22. Southern Beauty f>. A. Strupe Tobaccoville. N. C.

23. Southern Snow Flake T. W. Wood & Sons Richmond, Va.

24. Wannamaker Model Seed Farm St. Matthews, S. C.

25. Weekley's Improved Iredell Test Farm Statesville, N. C.

26. Wyatt's Improved Yellow W. L. Wyatt Raleigh, N. C.

LEAF TOBACCO REPORT FOR FEBRUARY, 1916.

PonncLs sold for producers 8,830,817

Pounds sold for dealers 608,779

Pounds sold for warehouses 936,104

Total 10,444,700

UlIK BULLETIN

OF THE

IS'OUTH CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RAI.EIGH

Vol. 37, No. 6 MAY, 1916 Whole No. 220

RELATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (GROUND

LIMESTONE AND MARL) IN THE SOIL TO

ACID PHOSPHATE AND THE SOIL

PHOSPHATES

with a few

FERTILIZER FORMULAS IN WHICH

CALCIUM CARBONATE IS SUB-

STITUTFD FOR POTASH

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.

Eutered at the Poatoflice at Raleigh, N. C, as second cljiss matter,
February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900.

Edwards & Bbouohton Printing Co.
Statb Printers

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Kaleigh, N. C, June, 15, 1916.

llox. W. A. Graham, Commissioner of Agriculture.

Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper discussing the
use of ground limestone and marl in connection with commercial fer-
tilizers — especially acid phosphate — and beg to recommend its publica-
tion as the May Bulletin from the Division of Botany and Agi'onomy
of this Department. Respectfully submitted,

James L. Burgess,
Approved : State Agronomist.

W. A. Graham,

Coniniissioner of Agriculture.

Relation of Calcium Carbonate to the Soil Phosphates

and Acid Phosphate

BY JAMES L. BUBGE8S, STATE AGRONOMIST.

Before cnti'iiiii;- ujnm a discussion of this important subject it will
be well to call attention to two fundamental propositions to which all
informed men readily assent without question.

First. No plant can be grown to maturity without phosphorus in the
soil solution with which the plant is fed. No plant can ripen seed
without the aid of phosphorus, which is necessary to the formation of
the germ cells. Phosphorus is, therefore, essential to all normal plant
growth and development.

Second. None of our field crops can reach normal maturity without
calcium or lime in the soil solution with which the plant is fed. No new
jilant cells can be formed without the aid of calcium or lime, usually in
the form of calcium phosphate. Some plans (as the legumes) are called
"lime plants," so necessary is lime to their normal growth. Calcimn,
or lime, is, therefore, essential to the normal development of our ordi-
nary crops.

It is also a matter of common observation that crops grown in lime
or calcareous soils are better nourished and are more capable of with-
standing untoward climatic conditions, as drought and early frost, than
are crops not so well supplied with lime. It is plain, therefore, that
both calcium and phosphorus must be present in the soil at the same
time, contributing jointly and simultaneously to the normal develop-
ment of plant life.

The above facts have been matters of common knowledge so long as
to have become axiomatic. We will now look over some of the litera-
ture bearing on. this subject and see what the most eminent authorities
in this and other countries have to say about it.

The value of lime as an aid to crop production was known and prac-
ticed in the time of Pliny, and has been increasing in interest and value
from his time until the present day. There are, perhaps, a thousand
reliable experiments on record that show the use of lime and ground
limestone to have very greatly increased crop yields.

Dr. Hilgard, in his excellent work on soils, states : "The instant
change of vegetation when we pass from a noncalcareous region to one
liaving calcareous soils has already been alluded to, but it is not neces-
sary to be a botanist to see the change in the PROSPERITY of the rural
population as one enters the LIME DISTRICT. The single log cabin,
with probably a wooden barrel terminating the mud-plastered chimney,

6 The Bulletin

is replaced, first, by double log houses, then by frame, and, farther on,
by brick buildings, with other unmistakable evidences of prosperity.
Thus this is seen in passing from the mountainous regions of Kentucky
into the blue-gi*ass country, which is throughout underlaid Avith calca-
reous formations. Thus, likewise, in crossing the strike of the calcareous
formations of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, or other regions
where the underlying formations of calcium have contributed to the
formation of the soils, as compared with the adjacent districts where
this is not the case. This and other illustrations give rise to the proverb
that a "Lime country is a rich country."

EFFECT OF CALCIUM CAKBOATE ON THE ACID PHOSPHATE OF THE
SOIL IX THE PKESENCE OF IRO> AND ALIMIMTI OXIDES

We will now discuss the effect of lime in the soil on the availability
of soluble phosphoric acid, especially where the soil is heavily charged
with the oxides of iron and aluminum. Practically all of the soils of
North Carolina, and especially those of the Piedmont and mountain
sections, are derived from rocks carrying very large amounts of iron
and almiiinum. Leading constituents of clayey soils everywhere are sili-
cates and hydrated oxides of aluminum, and the red and yellow colors
in all soils and subsoils are due, generally, to the presence of iron oxides.
All of our piedmont soils are heavily charged with iron and aluminum
compounds, and our coastal plains soils are also well supplied with these
chemical bodies. The direct effect, therefore, of these oxides on the solu-
ble phosphoric acid of the soil is well worth our careful consideration.

In E. S. R.,* Vol. 28, Xo. 3, we find a report of pot experiments
with wheat which show that the addition of lime increased the avail-
ability of phosphoric acid in such relatively insoluble phosphates as
wavellite, an aluminum phosphate, and vivianite, an iron phosphate.

Mr. James E. Llalligali of the Louisiana Experiment Station, in his
work on "Soil Fertility and Fertilizers," states, page 237 : "Most soils
contain iron and aluminum which are united with more or less phos-
phoric acid. These phosphates are very SLIGHTLY soluble in soil
solutions, and the addition of LIME LIBERATES SOME OF THE
PHOSPHORIC ACID by combining with part of the iron and alu-
minum phosphates."

In Bulletin N^o. 46 of the Rhode Island Experinn'ut Station, Dr.
Wheeler says, in his discussion of the chemical action of lime on soils,
"If lime is present in a soil to which ordinary commercial fertilizer,
dissolved bono black, dissolved bone, phosphoric asid or double super-
phosphates have been added, it is ]ir(ibable that some of the soluble phos-
phoric acid will furtlicr coiiibinc with lime, in which condition it may
be expected to bo MORE READILY AVAILABLE to plants llian
would have been the ca.se had the lime been absent and a more favor-

• Experiment Station Rcporla.

The Bulletin 7

able opportunity Itceii given tor ALL of the i)liosphoric aeid, not quickly
utilized by the plants, to combine with the iron and aluniinuni oxides."
Dr. Wheeler further states, in E. S. K., Vol. 18, No. 7, that "In soils
deficient in or devoid of carbonate of lime, but well sup]di<'(l with the
o.xides of iron and aluminum, LIME MAY EXTEND THE PERIOD
OF EFFICIENCY OF TJIE SOLUBLE PIIOSPIFATES, POSSI-
BLY BY COMBINING WITH .MFCll OF TIIK PHOSPHORIC
ACID AT ONCE, AND THUS HOLDING IT IN A MOKE AS-
SIMILABLE COMBINATION THAN IF IT WERE POSSIBLE
FOR IT ALL TO UNITE HIMEDIATELY WITH THE IKON
AND ALUMINUM OXIDES."

Professor Hilgard, in discussing the relative availabilities of certain
forms of phosphorus, states : "On soils containing large amounts of iron
and aluminum oxides a high per cent of lime carbonate may offset the
small ])er cent of phos))horic acid, a]>|»arentlv, bv bringing about
GKEATEK AVAILABILITY. In general, we'find\hat a lower per-
centage of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen are adequate when a
large proporition of lime carbonate is present. On the other hand,
VERY LARGE PERCENTAGES OF FINELY DIVIDED FER-
RIC^ HYDRATE, ESPECIALLY IN THE ABSENCE OF LIME
CARBONATE, RENDERS EVEN^ LARGE SUPPLIES OF PHOS-
PHORIC ACID INERT AND USELESS BY^ THE FORMATION
OF IN^SOLUBLE FERRIC PHOSPHATES. ALUMINUM HY-
DRATE ACTS IN A SIMILAR MANNER."

Lucius L. Van Slyke, of the Geneva Experiment Station, New York,
says: "Calcium compounds, especially hydrates and carbonates, change
insoluble phos])hates into forms that can be more readily utilized as
plant food. This action is based on the following chemical facts: the
phosphates of iron and aluminum are more or less prevalent in the
soil. These compounds become soluble only with extreme slowness
under ordinary conditions. Calcium compounds, especially hydrates
and carbonates, change these insoluble phosidiates into tricalcium ])hos-
phates which are more readily siduble in water containing carbon di-
oxide, as in the case of ordinary soil water. The api)lication of the
calcium compounds mentioned is, therefore, of marked value in this
way in case of soils rich in iron and aluminum compounds and poor in
calcium carbonate."

The al>ove is the exact condition found in most of the soils of North
Carolina. They are low in lime carbonate content and high in iron and
aluminum oxide content.

Dr. Van Slyke further states: "The extent and value of the change
involved in this action of certain calcium compounds has not been suffi-
ciently appreciated. !Most agricultural writers advise against the use
of calcium compounds in soils where s(duble calcium phosphate (super-
phosphate) is used on the ground that PHOSPHORIC ACID AV I LL .
BE RENDERED LESS EFFICIENT AS PLANT FOOD. This

8 The Bulletin

objection HAS BEEN GREATLY EXAGGERATED, AS EXPERI-
MENTS HAVE SHOWN. It has been demonstrated that in the pres-
ence of an abundance of calcium carbonate smaller percentages of nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds are generally required for
crop production than when calcium is deficient. The presence of cal-
cium carbonate is of especial value in preventing the formation of the
insoluble iron and aluminum phosphates." The above may help to
explain why very heavy applications of acid phosphate have been made
to certain North Carolina soils with relatively indifferent results.

EFFECT OF CALCIUM CAKBONATE ON ACID PHOSPHATE IN THE SOIL

WHEN THE PRESENCE OF IRON AND ALU.UINITM OXIDES

ARE NOT TAKEN INTO THE CONSIDERATION

A large number of our most eminent authorities on agricultural
science have found, by observation and experiment, that the presence
of lime carbonate in the soil exerts a most favorable action not only
on the natural phosphates, but also on those applied artificially in the
form of commercial fertilizers. Should lime carbonate produce a nega-
tive effect on the phosphates of the soil, rendering them insoluble and
unavailable to the plant, then a "lime country," instead of being a "rich
country," would be the poorest country imaginable.

In E. S. R., Vol. 20, No. 2, Messrs. Guthrie and Cohen, in reporting
an experiment on the effect of lime on the various soil constituents,
state: "The amount of water soluble plant food, however, was larger
in .the limed than in the unlimed soil, but only in the sandy soil did
the liming increase the proportion of water soluble pliosj)horic acid
and potash over that originally present in the soil."

In E. S. R., Vol. 26, No. 4, H. K. Vippond reports an experiment
testing the availability of phosphoric acid in the soil as follows : "The
general conclusion reached was that a fair amount of lime in the soil
assured a fair availability of phosphoric acid."

In Bulletin No. 90 of the Tennessee Experiment Station, Dr. C. A.
Moores reports the results of a series of tests in the use of acid phos-
phate with and without lime, and in all cases and under varying condi-
tions there was a greater crop production from acid phosphate on limed
land than on land that was not limed.

In E. S. R., Vol. 18, No. 7, Messrs. Wheeler and Adams, of the Rhode
Lsland Experiment Station, in reporting the tests of nine phosphates,
found, as a rule, that soluble phosphates were more I'lTcctivc on limed
than on unlimed soils. Lime, INSTEAD OF PROVING INJURI-
OUS IN CONNECTION WITH SOLUPLE PHOSPHATES, AS
IS OFTEN ALLEGED, PROVED DEC^JDFDLY HELPFUL IN
THE MAJORITY OF CASES, and even in many inshiiu'es .to plants
which were not particularly in need of liming."

In 1900 the Rliodo Island Experiment Station concluded a series of
experiments in the u.sc of acid j)hosplKite i>n limed and unlimed soils

TiiK Blli.ktix 9

with the following ivsults : "In 1SU4 the limed land produced 395
pounds of corn to the acre, the unlinied 320. The limed land produced
315 pounds stover, the unlinied 255. From 189G-18D9 the total hay pro-
duced on limed land was 2,021 pounds, and on the unlinied land S95
pounds. In 1900 the limed land produced 550 pounds of corn to the
acre, the unlinied 496; in 1900 the corn stover produced on limed land
was ()66 pounds, un uiilimcd 592 pounds."

This Station, comnientin^ on certain other fertilizer results, states:
"Double superphosphates j)articularly, and, in some instances, dissolved
bone black and acid phosphate, proved relatively inefhcient on unlinied
land, while basic slag has proved throughout to be a highly efficient
phos])hatic manure. Its relative efficiency has been particularly high
where those plants have been grown which are helped by liming. This
is doubtless due in part to the fact that it contains far more lime than
bone meal or iioats."

In E. S. R., Vol. 2, page 12, Dr. Kellner, in reporting the results of
experiments in the use of lime in preserving the assimilability of phos-
phoric acid, states : ''The results of these experiments prove plainly that
in the to]> soil of the paddy field the presence of lime had an action
DKCIDEDLY BENEFICIAL TO THE PRESERVATION OF
THE ASSIMILABILITY OF THE PHOSPHORIC ACID AP-
PLIED IN THE SOLUBLE FORM, and that, under the conditions
of the experiment, the maximum effect was obtained with from one to
two and one-half per cent of lime in the air-dried soil. Where one per
cent of lime was added there was nearly twice as much phosphoric acid
soluble in ammonium citrate solution as where no lime was added; and
it even appears that upon a longer action of the lime, after two months,
some of the phosphorus PREVIOUSLY PRECIPITATED IN A
MORE INSOLUBLE FORM WAS RENDERED SOLUBLE IN CI-
TRATE SOLUTION BY THE PRESENCE OF TWO AND ONE-
HALF PER CENT OF LIME. Dr. Kellner adds that "In the ma-
jority of cases, as in the sandy, clayey or ordinary loam soils of our
paddy fields, a moderate percentage of lime applied previous to the
application of superphosphate will certainly secure a good effect of its
phosphoric acid on the crop, especially if the soils are ferruginous and
will otherwise favor the formation of the less assimilable basic phos-
phates of iron and aluminum. For the same reasons, in every limed
soil, superphosphates are sure to have a good effect."

Dr. G. A. Frapps, of the Texas Experiment Station, in Bulletin 178,
states: "When nitrogen and potash are applied, the addition of carbon-
ate of lime at the rate of one-half of one per cent, or five tons an acre,
increased the size of the crop and the amount of phosphoric acid with-
drawn from the soil phosphates on six soils tested in pot experiments.
The effect of the lime was small at first, but usually increased with suc-
cwding crops. With the six soils, which gave up phosphoric acid equal
to from five to eighteen bushels of corn an acre per crop, the addition

10 The Bulletin

of carbonate of lime caused an increase in the (juantity of pliosplioric
acid taken up equal to from three to seven bushels an acre per crop.

"The i)resence of carbonate of lime or vegetable matter may bring
about a difference in the quantity of phosphoric acid assimilated by the
plants from soils containing equal quantities of active phosphoric acid.
The addition of carbonate of lime or of vegetable matter had practi-
cally no effect upon the quantity of active phosphoric acid remaining
in the soil at the end of the experiment. The phosphoric acid removed
in the cropping also had practically no effect upon the quantity of phos-
phoric acid remaining in the soil at the end of the experiment. The
active phosphoric acid in the soils used varied from fifteen to twenty-
seven parts per million. The phosphoric acid taken up by the plants
was evidently drawn from the more insoluble phosphates.

"Carbonate of lime caused a gain in phosphoric acid taken up. In
all cases the gain ranged from 5 per cent on soil No. 895, with single
application of lime, to nearly 95 per cent on soil 1145 with double
application of lime. Except in two instances, the gains were consider-
able. THE EFFECT OF LIME HAS BEEX TO DECIDEDLY
lA^CREASE THE ASSIMILABILITY OF PHOSPHORIC ACID.

"The phosphoric acid absorbed by the plants from the soils depends
not only on the form of the phosphoric acid in the soil, but also on the
presence of other substances such as carbonate of lime and organic
matter. Soils 895 and 1145 are acid, but the carbonate of lime had no
greater effect upon their phosphoric acid than on soils 892 and 893,
which are not acid.

"It is, of course, impossible to state definitely whether the phosphoric
acid was rendered more available, or whether the crops took up more
phosphoric acid because the conditions were made more favorable by
the addition. The effect, however, is the same, viz., Til ROUGH THE
ADDITION OF CARBONATE OF LIME TO THE SOIL THE
PLANTS CONSUMED MORE PHOSPHORIC ACID."

THE SUBSTITITION OF ( AIJ IIH ( AHIMJNATK 1 (H{ IM>I ASH IX

FKKTIMZKH MIXTIKES

Since the. presence (jf lime carlxnialc in llic soil seems to prevent the
formation of the insoluMr pliosphales of iron and aluminum, the wis-
dom ii\' mixing the soluble phosphates with calcium carbonate before
placing tbcm in soils heavily charged witli iron and nhiminnm oxides
becomes ai)parenf.

As an average result of twelve years exjicrinicntal tests with reverted
bone black fsoluljle phosphate) the Pennsylvania Experiment Station
obtained a liigber yield of corn, oats, and w Ik al than fi-om the acid |)hos-
phate api)lied to tlic soil in its normal condition. The acid |)bosphate
in tlif hone black was caused 1o revert by mixing it with (piick lime
twelve hours In^forc applying it to the .«Joil.

In Jannary, 1915, Dr. Charles E. Thorne, of the Ohio Kxperinient

The liii.i.KTTX 11

Station, ill an address before the Pennsylvania State Boaivl of Agricul-
ture at llarrisburg, was asked l>y a farmer wlietlicr there would Ui any
injurious effect from mixing acid phosjihate with limestone and wood
ashes. Dr. Tliorne replied: "Xo. no injurious effect to the acid phos-
phate. You should nol mix nitrate of soda witii it, but the phosphoric
acid will not suffer any harm.*'

On February 2!)th of this year we asked I)r. Lining L. \'an Slyke, of
the Geneva E.\])eriment Station, Xew York, whether, in his opinion,
detrimental results would foHow mixing f!00 j)()unds of ground limestone,
400 i)Ounds of acid pliosphate, and 200 pounds of cotton-seed meal, thus
making a fertilizer mixture with ground limestone substituted for pot-
ash. To our iiKjuiry, Dr. \'an Slyke repdied : "The mixture of 600
pounds of ground limestone. 400 pounds of acid phosphate, and 200
pounds of cotton-seed meal can be made without objection if the mix-
ture is made within a few days previous to application to the soil."
There is no higher authority on soil chemistry in the United States than
Dr. Van Slyke.

In his discussion of the effects of carbonates of lime on the soil,
Prof. J. S. Brogdon. of Atlanta, Ga., Secretary Chemical Industries,
Georgia Chamber of Commerce, and of the Georgia Section of the
A. C. S., agrees with Dr. Van Slyke in saying "when acid jihosphate is
api)lied to the soil, if there is a deficiency of carbonate of lime in the
soil, the phosphoric acid will combine with the iron and aluminum of
the soil to form the phosphates of iron and alnmiiiuni ; but in soils con-
taining any reasonable amount of lime, dicalcium* i)hosphate will be
formed. The former are of much lower solubility than the latter, con-
sequently their phosjihoric acid is much slower in reaching the plant.
Applications of carbonate of lime are of great value on soils because
they form DICALCIUM PHOSPHATES, and so increase the amount
of phosphoric acid soluble in water.

"As has been previously mentioned, ground limestone has no tendency
to absorb moisture from the atmosphere, while acid jihosphate has a de-
cided tendency in that direction, due to the fact that free phosphoric
acid easily ab.sorbs moisture from the atmosphere. Acid phosi)hate
which analyzed 18 per cent in the i>ile, in one instance, proved to be
strongly acid, and when reduced to 16 jx'r cent by the use of ground
limestone the most delicate chemical test failed to find the slightest
trace of free acid, and on account of this there was a decided t(Midency
for the acid ])hosphat<' to remain dry, even tlniugli it was exposed to
damp atmosj)here.

"A mixture of 80 per cent pliosphate, 20 per cent ground limestone,
covering some fifty analyses, may be summarized in saying that the
amount of moisture remainded unchanged, that the total phosj)horic
acid was not affected, whereas the water soluble was found to decrease
and the citrate solubles found to increase the same amount, that biung
approximately 6 per cent, this change being due to the formation of

12 The Bulletin

dicalcium phosphate. The insoluble was found to also increase about
34 per cent. When i^arallel tests were carried on with the same acid
phosphate, using 20 per cent argillaceous (dirt) filler, THE SAME
CHAIS^GES IN THE WATER SOLUBLE AND CITRATE SOLU-
BLE WERE FOUND; but in this instance the COMPOUNDS
FORMED WERE THE PHOSPHATES OF IRON AND ALU-
MINUM AND NOT THE DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE. THE
LOSS IN INSOLUBLE WAS PRACTICALLY THREE TIMES
AS GREAT.

"Ten bags of complete fertilizer, using 275 pounds of limestone, meal,
tankage, and sulphate of ammonia were mixed and stored. At the end
of seven months the bags in which these goods were stored were in as
perfect condition as on the day on which they were stored. One thou-
sand tons of complete fertilizer, using 110 pounds of ground limestone,
fish, sulphate, and tankage were stored in bulk; another lot of complete
fertilizer, using cotton-seed meal as an ammoniate, and 435 pounds of
ground limestone was mixed and stored. After some months the three
were analyzed, with the result that no apparent chemical change had
occurred ; in all three instances the mechanical condition of the fertilizer
was found to be superior to that which the writer is accustomed to
know where other fillers have been used.

"In conclusion, ground limestone has a most beneficial effect on the
mechanical conditions and will change the water-soluble phosphoric acid
into the very desirable dicalcium phosphate, and the results of the sev-
eral experiment stations are that ground limestone will increase the
crop yields enormously."

In 1914, Professor Brogdon carried out a number of experiments on
a number of different kinds of soil to ascertain whether the presence of
ground limestone in a mixed fertilizer containing acid phosphate would
render the phosphoric acid more or less available for plant use. Pro-
fessor Brogdon states : "From a number of experiments, the conclusion
was drawn that if phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and limestone were used
together as a fertilizer, larger crops could be grown than if phosphoric
acid, nitrogen, and potash had been used."

"Desiring to ascertain results from this system uf fertilization as
applied to the cotton crop on various Georgia soils, a number of gentle-
men having the reputation of being practical farmers and known to be
interested in agricultural chemistry were asked to assist in this demon-
stration. Of the six men, living in six different counties widely sepa-
rated, each one planted three patches of cotton. Of the six men three
were planters who cultivate annually several thousand acres, and the
other three were small planters selected lor tiieir ability to carry out
these experiments accurately. Exactly the same size patch was culti-
vated in each instance, the method of cultivation being left to the experi-
menter. In all of the experiments the seed used were furnished by the
courtesy of A. C. Lewis of the office of the State Entomologist, using

TuK Hri.I.KTIN l;>

hybrid Xo. (I.'i. The fertilizers used were made under the direction of
the writer bv the courtesy of the Porter Fertilizer Company. None of
the exi)erimeiitcrs were advised as to the kind of fertilizer with which
they were supplied; neither have they since been advised as to the results
obtained by any of the experimenters.

"Level ground was selected I'm- each experiment, exactly the same
sized patch was cultivated in eveiy experiment, and exactly the same
amount of fertilizer was used on every patch. Elaborate precautions
were taken to secure accuracy. The writer weighed out each bag of
fertilizer, which was numbered, and numbered stakes were placed in
each bag to be driven in the rows. At harvest time numbered sacks
were sent to each experimenter as receptacles for the seed cotton. All
of the seed cotton was carefully air-dried before weighing. Half of the
nitrogen in all the fertilizers used Avas derived from nitrate. Exactly
the same amount ef phosphoric acid and nitrogen was used on every
patch. On patches No. 1 and No. 2 abundant amounts of potash were
used at the rates of 200 pounds of 121/4 per cent kainit per acre, which is
40 pounds more of kainit than when 1,000 pounds of 10-2-2 guano is used
per acre. On pfltch No. 3 no potash was used, but this guano was mixed
with finely ground limestone so that the limestone used would be applied
at the rate of 1,600 pounds per acre.

"These bags of acid phosphate mixed with meal and nitrate of soda
and large quantities of finely ground limestone were allowed to stand
several weeks before the fertilizer was used on patch No. 3.

"The average of these results shows that the six men in six counties
on six different soils harvested 16 PER CENT MORE SEED COT-
TON ON PATCH No. 3, WHERE NO POTASH WAS USED,
BUT WHERE LIBERAL APPLICATIONS OF FINELY GROUND
LIMESTONE WERE MADE, THAN ON PATCHES No. 1 AND
No. 2, WHERE POTASH WAS USED.

"Summarizing these experiments, the writer advocates that on Geor-
gia soils liberal amounts of guano containing 10 per cent phosphoric
acid, 2 per cent ammonia, together with not less than 1,600 pounds of
very finely divided limestone, will bring excellent results in the cultiva-
tion of cotton.

"The value of builder's lime as a soil amendment is recognized, but
emphasis must be placed upon tlie fact that BUILDER'S LIME IS
INJURIOUS TO FERTILIZERS, whereas limestone can be mi.xed
with fertilizer in any quantity without in any way rendering the fer-
tilizer less valuable, as was shown by these experiments."

Some laboratory experiments by Brackett and Freeman of South
Carolina have been cited in opposition to the conclusions drawn from
the above data ; but Mr. Brackett himself admits his were mere labora-
tory experiments and were not carried out under field conditions. They
can, therefore, have little or no bearing on the very important question
under discussion, namely, WHETHER IT WOULD BE WISE TO

14 The Bulletin

MIX GROUND LIMESTONE WITH ACID PHOSPHATE IM-
MEDIATELY BEFORE APPLYING IT TO THE SOIL FOR
THE DOUBLE PURPOSE OF SUBSTUrUTlNG THE GROUND
LIMESTONE FOR POTASH IN THE FERTILIZER MIXTURE,
AND FOR PREVENTING THE IMMEDIATE FORMATION OF
THE INSOLUBLE PHOSPHATES OF IRON AND ALUMINUM.

No doubt other experiments could be cited that would seem to prove
the opposite of the conclusions justified from the above data, but the
facts ^nd conclusions incorporated in the foregoing discussion are
vouched for by the most eminent authorities in the entire field of agri-
cultural research and are in complete harmony with careful observation,
practical farm exj>erience, and carefully planned and wisely interpreted
field experiments, as well as in accord with ordinarv common sense and
reason. THEY ARE, MOREOVER, IN ACCORD WITH THE
FARMER'S BEST INTERESTS AT THIS TIME, AS A MEANS
BY WHICH HE MAY REDUCE THE EXORBITANTLY HIGH
PRICE OF HIS FERTILIZERS.

No attempt has been made to leave the impression that acid phos-
phate mixed with ground limestone will not revert to what is called di-
calcium and, to some extent, to triealcium forms. But these forms of
phosphorus are STILL AVAILABLE TO THE CROPS, WHILE
THE IRON AND ALUMINUM PHOSPHATES ARE ENTIRELY
OUT OF REACH OF THE PLANTS.

All agree that ordinary acid phosphate will slowly revert to the rela-
tively insoluble forms even while stored in bags and unmixed with any-
thing, but on being applied to and mixed with the soil will revert to the
entirely insoluble forms of iron and aluminum i)hosphates with great
rapidity. The farmer thus loses much of his phosphatic numures which,
IF THEY HAD BEEN MIXED WITH (^VLCIUM CARBONATE
AT FIRST AND APPLIED TO THE SOIL IN THIS MIXED
CONDITION, would have remained in a condition available to the
crop through the gradual solution of tlie di- and tri-calcium phosphates
by the various acids found in the ordinary soil solutions. THERE-
FORE, SINCE ACID PHOSPHATE, WHEN APPLIED TO ORDI-
NARY NORTH CAROLINA SOILS, IF NOT IMMEDI.VTELY
TAKEX l^P P,Y THE PLANTS, ALWAYS REVERTS, WirillX
A VERY SHORT TIME, TO THE MORK OR LESS INSOLLBLE
FORMS, IT IS OF THE FIRST IMPORTANCE TO THE
FARMER THAT IT I5F PERMITTED TO ClIAXGE IXTO
FORMS FROM WHICH SUCCEEDING- CROPS CAN SECURE
IT WITH RELATIVE EASE.

From tlu! evidence at hand, we feel justiticil in olTi'iiiig the farmers
of North Caroliiui the following t'ertilizcr fonmilas conlaiiiing calcium
carbonate a.s a substitute for jjotasli. The practice of using limestone
to lilM'rate inert soil jjotash is too well (>stiil)lislied for serious discussion
at this time. These and similar fnniiulas are not entirely new, but have
Ik'cii used f(tr some time with tlie liest of results; ;in(l \ho fanner's own

Till-: Hri.i.KTi.v lo

good jiidgmoiit will coiivim-o liiiii thai ii'> lianii, hut iiiuoh good, may
come Iroiii tln'ir use. riicsc t'oniiulas slutuld Ix- given at least a fair
trial. If found satisfactory under our varying local conditions, as wc
tliink tiiev will, much will U^ saved on future fertilizer hills, as thn lime-
stone is cheap and many farmt-rs have their nwn cotton-seed imai.

In all cases, if practicahle to do so, we recommend the use of at least
one ton of calcium carhonate hroadcast to the acre before using these
mixed fertilizers in the drill. The acre apjilications of these mixtures
will depend on the varying fertility of the soils, but from GOO to 1,000
]K)unds to the acre will likely be about an average application in most
parts of Xorth Carolina.

Ground limestone can at this time (1916) be laid down at Raleigh in
bulk at $2.60 a ton. The normal ]»rice for 16 per cent acid phosphate
is not over $15 a ton. The average i)rice of cotton-seed meal is not over
$.'50, and nitrate of soda does not generally sell for more than $60 a ton.
Basing our calculations on these prices, the cost per ton of the different
formulas given below has l>een worked out and attached. Of course, the
whole of this discussion presupposes home mixing of the fertilizer ingre-
dients.

A New Fertilizer Formula for Small Grain

1,200 pounds of ground limestone or marl,
600 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate, and
200 jjounds of cotton-seed meal or fish scrap.
Cost, aWit $0.06 a ton.

Jfew Ferfilizor Formula for ("otton and Corn

1,000 pounds of ground limestone or marl,
600 i)ounds of 16 per cent acid j)h()sphate, and
400 pounds of cotton-seed meal or some other ammoniated
goods carrying an equal amount of nitrogen.
Cost, about $11.80 a ton.

>ew Fertilizer Formulu for Tobacco

1,200 pounds of ground limestone or marl,
400 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate,
.'l')!) j)ounds of cotton-seed meal, and
oO pounds of nitrate of soda.

Any other material carrying an e<|nal amount of niti-ogen may Ix^
substituted for the cotton-seed meal, such as dried blood, fish scrap, and
so on. Cost, about $9.21 a ton.

>ew Fertilizer Formula for retiniits

1,200 pounds of ground limestone or marl,
GoO i)ounds of 16 j)er cent acid idiosphate,
100 pounds of cotton-seed meal, and
50 pounds of nitrate of soda.

The cotton-seed meal may be replaced by any other material carrying
an equal amount of available nitrogen. Cost, about $0.4.'^ a ton.

16 The Bulletin

New Fertilizer Formula for Sweet Potatoes

1,000 pounds of gTOund limestone or marl,
500 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate, and
500 pounds of cotton-seed nieah

Any other material carrying an equal jiniount of nitrogen may be sub-
stituted for the cotton-seed meal, such as dried blood, fish scrap, and so
on. Cost, about $12.55 a ton.

]Vew Fertilizer Formula for S^WI Potatoes

600 pounds of ground limestone or marl,
500 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate, and
700 pounds of cotton-seed meal, and
200 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Any other material carrying an equal amount of available nitrogen
may be substituted for the cotton-seed meal, such as dried blood, fish
scrap, and so on. Cost, about $21.03 a ton.

^ITIE nULLETIN

OF THE

PsORTH CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RALEIGH

Vol. 37, No. 6 JUNE, 1916 Whole No. 221

(FALL SEASON. 1915.
ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS

(spring season. 1916.

PUBUSHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPUCATION.

Entered at the Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,
February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900.

Edwaeds & Brouohton Printing Co.
Statb Printers

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

W. A. Graham, Commissioner, ex officio Chairman, Raleigh.

F. P. Latham Belhaven First District.

C. W. Mitchell Aulander Second District.

R. L. WooDARD.. Pamlico.. Third District.

Clarence Foe Raleigh ..Fourth District.

R. \V. ScOTT- Haw River Fifth District.

A. T. McCallum.. Red Springs Sixth District.

C. C. Wright Hunting Creek Seventh District.

William Bledsoe .Gale Eighth District.

W. J. SncFORD Hickory Ninth District.

A. Cannon Horse Shoe Tenth District.

OFFICERS AND STAFF

W. A. GRAHAM Commissioner.

K. W. BARNES Secretary and Purchasing Agent.

Miss Sarah D. Jones Bookkeeper.

D. G. Conn Bulletin Superintendent.

B. W. KILGORE State Chemist, Director Test Farms.

J. M. PiCKEL... '. Feed Chemist.

W. G. Haywood Fertilizer Chemist.

J. Q. Jackson. Assistant Chemist.

E. S. Dewar Assistant Chemist.

E. B. Hart Assistant Chemist.

D. M. McCarty •_ Assistant Chemist.

F. C. Wiggins Assistant Chemist.

J. F. Hatch... Fertilizer Clerk.

R. W. CoLLETT Assistant Director Test Farms.

H. H. Brimlet Curator of Museum.

T. W. Adickes Assistant Curator.

FRANKLIN SHERMAN, Jh .Entomologist.

R. W. Leiby Assistant Entomologist.

S. C. Clapp Assistant Entomologist in Field Work.

B. B. FLOWE Veterinarian.

H. P. Flowe - Assistant Veterinarian.

W. N. HUTT Horticulturist.

R. G. Hill Assistant Horticulturist.

B. Szymonaik Demonstrator Fruit and Truck Crops.

C. D. Matthews... Assistant Horticulturist.

T. B. PARKER Director of Farmers' Institutes.

W. M. ALLEN Chemist and Chief, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

E. W. Thornton Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. E. Bell Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

Leland B. Rhodes... ..Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. B. WILLIAMS Chief, Division of Agronomy.

J. K. Plummer Soil Chemist.

W. F. Pate Agronomist in Soils.

R. Y. Winters.. Plant Breeding.

•W. E. Hearn State Soil Agent, Soil Survey.

L. L. Brinkley Soil Survey.

H. D. Lambert Soil Survey.

S. O. Perkins. Soil Survey.

J. L. BURGESS Agronomist and Botanist.

C. H. Waldron Assistant Agronomist and Botanist.

Miss Loui.se a. Rademacher .Assistant to Botanist.

Miss Alma Stone Assistant to Botanist.

DAN T. GRAY Chief in Animal Industry.

R. S. Curtis Associate in Animal Industry.

W. H. Eaton Dairy E.xperimenter.

tALViN J. Reed .Dairy Farming.

Stanley Combes Assistant in Dairy Farming.

tJ. A. Arey Assistant in Dairy Fanning.

F. R. Farnham Assistant in Dairv Farming.

F. T. Peden Beef Cattle.

Earl Hostetler Assistant in Beef Cattle and Swine.

tA. L. Jehdan Reef Cattle.

tL. E. Case Assistant in Beef Cattle.

tB. P. Folk.: Pig Clubs.

tA. G. Oliver Poultry Clubs.

tE. H. Mathewson Tobacco Invostigiitions.

iC. R. Hudson Farm Demonstration Work.
T. E. Browne Assistant in Charge of Boys' Clubs.

tA. K. RonERTSON . , Assistant in Boys' Clubs.

JMuB. Jane S. McKimmon Assistant in Charge Girls' Clubs.

Miss M. L. Jamison Assistant in Home Economics.

C. E. Clark, Assistant Director Edgecombe Test Farm, Rocky Mount, N. C.
F. T. Meacham, Assistant Dirortf.r Iredell Test Farm, Stalesville, N. C.
John II. Jeffehieh, Assistant DirrTtor Pender Test Farm, Wiliard, N. C.
8. F. Davidson, Assistant Director Buncnmbc Test Farm, Swaiinanoa, N. C.
E. G. MoHB, Assistant Dirertur Granville Trut Farm, Oxford, N. C
J. E. Davidson, AHHislant Director Transylvanitt Test Farm, Bhmtyre, N. C.

'Assigned by the Bureau of Roils, United States Department of Agrieulttire.

tAMsigned by the Hiireau of Aiiitniil lliisbaniiry, United SlaU-s 1 )cparlrneiit of Ajjrirulture.

tin cooperation with Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Hox. W. A. Graham,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

Sik: — I submit herewith analyses of fertilizers made in the lab-
oratory of samples collected during the past fall and spring. These
analyses show fertilizers and meals to be about as heretofore, and
to be, generally, what was claimed for them. I recommend that it
be issued as the June Bulletin.

Very respectfully,

B. "W. KiLQORE,

Approved for printing: State Chemist.

W. A. Graham,

Commissioner.

k

ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS
FALL SEASON, 1915: SPRING SEASON. 1916

By B. W. Kir,c;oRE.
W. G. Haywoui). J. Q. Jackson, E. S. Df:war. E. B. Hart and F. C. Wiggins.

Tlic analyses presented in this Bulletin are of samples collected by
the fertilizer inspectors of the Department, under the direction of the
rommissionor of Agriculture, durinjz; fall months of 1915 and the
spring months of 1916. They should receive the careful study of every
farmer in the State who uses fertilizers, as by comparing the analyses
in the Bulletin with the claims made for the fertilizers actunll.v
ii-t(i. the farmer can know by or before the time fertilizers are put in
the ground whether or not they contain the fertilizing con.stituents in
the amounts they were claimed to be prosont.

TKRMS USED IN ANALYSES

Water-sol able Phosphoric Acid. — Phosphate rock, as dug from the
mines, mainly in South Carolina, Florida, and Tennessee, is the chief
source of phosphoric acid in fertilizers.

In its raw, or natural, state the phosjjhate has three parts of lime
united to the phosphoric acid (called by chemists tricalcium plios-
jihate). This is very insoluble in water and is not in condition to be
taken up readily by plants. In order to render it soluble in water and
fit for plant food, the rock is finely ground and treated with sulphuric
acid, which acts upon it in such a way as to take from the three-lime
phosphate two parts of its lime, thus leaving only one part of the lime
united to the phosphoric acid. This one-lime phosphate is wliat is
known as water-soluble phosphoric acid.

Reverted PhospJioric Acid. — On long standing some of this water-
soluble phosphoric acid has a tendency to take lime from other sub-
stances in contact with it, and to become .somewhat less soluble. This
latter is known as reverted or gone-back phosphoric acid. This is
thought to contain two parts of lime in combination with the ])hosphoric
acid, and is thus an intermediate product between water-soluble and the
original rock.

Water-soluble phosphoric acid is considered somewhat more valuable
than reverted, because it becomes better distributed in the soil as a con-
sequence of its solubility in Avator.

Araihible Phosphoric Acid is made up of the water-soluble and re-
verted ; it is the sum of these two.

6 The Bulletin

Water-soluble Ammonia. — The main materials furnishing ammonia
in fertilizers are nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, cotton-seed meal,
dried blood, tankage, and fish scrap. The first two of these (nitrate of
soda and sulphate of ammonia) are easily soluble in water and become
well distributed in the soil where plant roots can get at them. They are,
especially the nitrate of soda, ready to be taken up by plants, and are
therefore quick-acting forms of ammonia. It is mainly the ammonia
from nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia that will be designated
under the heading of water-soluble ammonia.

Organic Ammonia. — The ammonia in cotton-seed meal, dried blood,
tankage, fish scrap, and so on, is included under this heading. These
materials are insoluble in water, and before they can feed plants they
must decay and have their ammonia changed, by the aid of the bacteria
of the soil, to nitrates, similar to nitrate of soda.

They are valuable then as plant food in proportion to their content
of ammonia, and the rapidity with which they decay in the soil, or
rather the rate of decay, will determine the quickness of their action as
fertilizers. With short season, quick-growing crops, quickness of action
is an important consideration, but with crops occupying the land during
the greater portion, or all, of the growing season, it is better to have a
fertilizer that will become available more slowly, so as to feed the plant
till maturity. Cotton-seed meal and dried blood decompose fairly
rapidly, but will last the greater portion, if not all, of the growing season
in this State. While cotton seed and tankage will last longer than meal
and blood, none of these act so quickly, or give out so soon, as nitrate of
soda and sulphate of ammonia.

Total ammonia is made up of the water-soluble and organic ; it is the
sum of these two.

The farmer should suit, as far as possible, the kind of ammonia to
his different crops, and a study of the forms of ammonia as given in
the tables of analyses will help him to do this.

AVAILABILITY OF NITROGEN

During the past few years the increasing cost and the extensive use
for other purposes of the standard high grade ammoniates have caused
the appearance upon the market of many new nitrogenous materials
which are being used as sources of nitrogen in commercial fertilizers.
These materials are, to a large extent, trade-waste products, in them-
selves not permissible as sources of nitrogen, but which after treatment
in various ways develop a considerable degree of availability, and in
many cases the nitrogen contained therein becomes very largely water-
soluble.

On account of the e.xteiisivo use of tliose now ammoniates this dejiart-
nient is now making in its laboratory by chemical methods determina-
tions of the availability of the water-insoluble organic nitrogen in the
samples of fertilizers taken for analysis. In this way we are largely able

The Bulletin 7

to differentiate between the good and the bad amuioniates and to distin-
guish those forms which are readily available from those more difficultly
so.

FORM OF POTASH IN TOBACCO FERTILIZERS

Tobacco growers are becoming yearly more disposed to know the form
of potash, whether from kainit, muriate, or sulphate, which enters into
their tobacco fertilizers. Considerable work of this kind has been done
for individuals, and we now determine the form of potash in all tobacco
brands, for the benefit of tobacco growers.

The term potash from muriate, as reported in the analyses, does not
mean, necessarily, that the potash was supplied by muriate of potash.
Sulphate or some other potash salt may have been used, but in all fer-
tilizers where the term potash from muriate is used, there is enough
chlorine present to combine with all the potash, though it may have come
from salt in tankage, kainit, or karnalite. As the objection to the use of
muriate of potash in tobacco fertilizers arises from the chlorine present,
it docs not matter whether this substance is present in common salt or
potush-furnishing materials.

The use of sulphate of potash where there is chlorine present in the
other ingredients of the fertilizer will not present the injurious effect
of the chlorine. The term potash from muriate in our analyses, there-
fore, means that there is sufficient chlorine present in the fertilizer from
all sources to combine with the potash to the extent indicated by the
analyses.

VALUATIONS

To have a basis for comparing the values of different fertilizer ma-
terials and fertilizers, it is necessary to assign prices to the three valu-
able constituents of fertilizers — ammonia, phosphoric ac'.d, and potash.
These figures, expressing relative value per ton, are not intended to rep-
resent crop-producing power, or agricultural value, but are estimates of
the commercial value of ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash in the ma-
terials supplying them. These values are only approximate, as the cost
of fertilizing materials is liable to change, as other commercial pro-
ducts are, but they are believed to fairly represent the cost of making
and, putting fertilizers on the market. They are based on a careful
examination of trade conditions, wholesale and retail, and upon quo-
tations of manufacture.

Relative value per ton, or the figures showing this, represent the prices
on board the cars at the factory, in retail lots of five tons or less, for
cash.

To make a complete fertilizer the factories have to mix together in
proper proportions materials containing ammonia, phosj)horic acid, and
potash. This costs something. For this reason it is thought well to
have two sets of valuations — one for the raw or unmi.xed materials, such
as acid phosphate, kainit, cotton-seed meal, etc., and one for mixed fer-
tilizers.

8 The Bulletin

Valuations for 1915

III Unmixed or Raiv Materials

For phosphoric acid in acid pliospliate 4 cents per pound

For phosphoric acid in bone meal and Peruvian Guano.. 3% cents per pound

For nitrogen 19 cents per pound

For potasli 8 cents per pound

In Mixed Fertilizers

For phosphoric acid 4^2 cents per pound

For nitrogen 20 cents per pound

For potash S\-^ cents per pound

Valuations for 1916

In Unmixed or Raw Materials

For phosphoric acid in acid phosphate 4^2 cents per pound

For phosphoric acid in bone meal and Peruvian Guano.. 4 cents per pound
For nitrogen ■■. 20 cents per pound

In Mixed Fertilizers

For phosphoric acid 5 cents per pound

For nitrogen 21 cents per pound

For potash 25 cents per pound

HOW RELATIVE VALUE IS CALCULATED

In the calculation of relative value it is only necessary to remember
that so many per cent means the same number of pounds per hundred,
and that there are twenty hundred pounds in one ton (2,000 pounds).

With an 8-2-1.65 goods, which means that the fertilizer contains avail-
able phosphoric acid 8 per cent, potash 2 per cent, and nitrogen 1.65 per
cent, the calculation is made as follows :

Tt^^^^^f ^ ^,. Ti.r. :, inn r7.„ Yolue per Value per Ton,

Percentage or Lbs. m 100 Lbs. ion Lbs. 2.000 Lbs.

8 pounds available phosphoric acid at 5 cents.. 0.40 X20 $ 8.00

1.65 pounds nitrogen at 21 cents 0.3465x20 6.93

2 pounds potash at 25 cents 0.50 X20 10.00

Total value 1.2465X20 $24.93

Freight and merchant's commission must be added to these prices.

The Bulletin

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LEAF TOBACCO SALES FOR MARCH, 1916.

Pounds sold for producers, first liaud 1,948,653

Pounds sold for dealers 152,214

Pounds sold for warehouses 398,450

Total 2,497,517

LEAF TOBACCO SALES FOR APRIL, 1916.

Pounds sold for producers, first hand 507,534

Pounds sold for dealers 76,276

Pounds sold for warehouses 57 537

Total 641,347

Tiii<: nui.i.KTiN

OF THB

NOimi CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vol. 37, No. 7

UALi:ic;ii

JULY, 1916

Whole No. 222

PRUNING

FiQ. 1. — Improper (A) and proper (B) ways of cutting off a branch.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SKNT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.

Entered at the Postoflice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,
February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900.

CDWAKDS • ■ROUCHTON PIIINTING CO.. RALIISH. N C

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

\V. A. Graham, Commissioner, ex offi;io Chairman, Raleigh.

F. P. Latham ...Belhaven .First District.

C. VV. Mitchell Aulander ...Second District.

R. L. WooDARD Pamlico Thijd District.

Clarence Poe ...Raleigh Fourth District.

R. \V. Scott Haw River Filth District.

A. T. McCallum Red Springs Sixth District.

C. C. Wright ...Hunting Creek Seventh District.

William Bledsoe. ...Gale Eighth District.

W. J. Shuford Hickory Ninth District.

A. Cannon Horse Shoe .Tenth District.

Officers and Stafi

\V. A. GRAHAM Commissioner.

K. W. BARNES Secretary and Purchasing Agent.

Miss Sarah D. Jones Bookkeeper.

D. G. Conn Bulletin Superintendent.

B. W. KILGORE State Chemist, Director Test Farms.

J. M. PicKEL ...Feed Chemist.

W. G. Haywood. Fertilizer Chemist.

J. Q. J.\.CK80N .Assistant Chemist.

E. S. Dewar Assistant Chemist.

E. B. Hart Assistant Chemist.

D. M. McCarty Assistant Chemist.

F. C. Wiggins Assistant Chemist.

J. F. H.\tch Fertilizer Clerk.

R. W. Collett Assistant Director Test Farms.

H. H. Brlmley ■ Curator of Museum.

T. W. Adickes- Assistant Curator.

FRANKLIN SHERMAN. Jr Entomologist.

R. W. Leiby Assistant Entomologist.

S. C. Clapp Assistant Entomologist in Fiold Work.

B. B. FLOWE Veterinarian.

H. P. Flowe .Assistant Veterinarian.

W. N. HUTT ...Horticulturist.

R. G. Hill Assistant Hortieultiirist.

B. SzYMONiAK Demonstrator Fruit and Truck Crops.

C. D. Matthews Assistant Horticulturist.

T. B. PARKER Director of Farmers' Institutes.

W. M. ALLEN Chemist and Chief, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

E. W. Thornton Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. E. Bell... Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

Leland B. Rhodes Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection.

C. B. WILLIAMS Chief, Division of Agronomy.

J. K. Plummer Soil Chemist.

W. F. Pate Agronomist in Soils.

R. Y. Winters Plant Breeding.

•W. E. Hearn ..State Soil Agents Soil Survey.

L. L. Brinkley,. Soil Survey.

H. D. Lambert Soil Survey.

S. O. Perkins Soil Survey.

J. L. burgess . Agronomist and Botanist.

C. H. W-ALDRON Assistant Botanist and Seed Analyist.

Miss Louise A. Rademacher Assistant to Botanist.

Miss Alston Dargan Assistant to Botanist.

DAN T. GRAY Chief in Animal Industry.

R. S. Curtis Associate in Animal Industry.

W. H. Eaxon Dairy Experimenter.

tALViN J. Reed ^ Dairy Farming.

Stanley Combes Assistant in Dairy Farming.

tJ. A. Arey .Assistant in Dairy Farming.

F. R. Farnham Assistant in Dairy Farming.

F. T. Peden Beef Cattle.

Earl Hostetler Assistant in Beef Cattle and Swine.

tA. L. Jerdan Beef Cattle.

tL. E. Case Assistant in Beef Cattle.

tB. P. Folk Pig Clubs.

tA. G. Oliver Poultry Clubs.

JE. H. Mathewson Tobacco Investigations.

tC. R. Hudson Farm Demonstration Work.

XT. E. Browne Assistant in Charge of Boys' Clubs.

tA. K. Robertson Assistant in Boys' Clubs.

{Mrs. Jane S. McKimmon Assistant in Charge Girls' Clubs.

Miss M. L. Jamison .Assistant in Home Economics.

C. E. Clark, A.ssistant Director Edgecombe Test Farm, Rockv Mount, N. C.
F. T. Meaciiam, Assistant Director Iredell Test Farm, Statesvdle, N. C.
John H. Jkfferieh, As-siHtant Director I'cndcr 'I'cst Farm, Willard, N. C.
S. F. Davidson, Assistant Director Buncombe Test Farm, Swannanoa, N. C.
E. O. Mosh, Assistant Director CJranville Test Farm, Oxford, N. (".
J. E. Davidhon, Assistant Director Transylvania Test Farm, Blantyre, N. C.

•Aligned by the Bureau of SoiU, United States Department of Agriculture.

tARtigned by the Bureau of Animal Husbandry, United States Department of Agriculture.

tin cooperation with Bureau of Plant Iiidustrj', United States Department of Agriculture.

LETTER OE TRANSMITTAL

Raleigh, X. C.
lloii. W. A. tirahain, Coniniissioner of Agriculture.

Sir: I submit herewith manuscri})! on Pruning, by Mr. B. Szy-
moniak, Extension Specialist in Fruit and Truck Growing. Mr.
Szynioniak works in the Extension activities of the Divisions of Hor-
ticulture and Entomology, and this ])aper has been prepared in this
connection and with the view of meeting a large demand for informa-
tion on the subject of pruning.

Respectfully,

W. K HUTT,

Horticulturist.
Approved:

Commissioner of Agriculture.

PRUNING

B. SzTMONiAK, Extension Specialist in Fruit and Truck Growing.

Tiieie i.s more doubt on tlio part of orchnrdists about proper molh-
ods of pruning than of any other orchard oi)eration. So many variable
factors have to be considered, that it is difficult at times to combine
all of them and decide on what is best to do. Climate, seasonal
changes, latitude and altitude, soil fertility, purposes for which the
trees are grown and the inherent changeable nature of trees are some
of the things that influence growth and fruit production and deter-
mine how, when and what to prune. In spite of these variable and
influencing factors, there are certain fundamental principles which, if
followed, may simplify to a great extent and standardize the methods
of pruning. The purpose of this bulletin is to explain and demon-
strate some of the more important principles.

Objects of Pruning. :

The maximum annual yield of marketable fruit without devitalizing,
ihe trees is the most important object of pruning. Other reasons fon
pruning are as follows:

1. To train the trees to a desired shape and form in order to faciliT,
tate spraying and harvesting the fruit.

2. To distribute the branches to admit air and sunlight.

3. To regulate wood growth and fruitfulness,

4. To correct undesirable habits of growth. .■•

5. To cut out interfering branches.

6. To control insects and diseases.

Principles of Pruning.

Pruning is a method of bud selection, pennitting the desired buds to
grow and eliminating undesirable ones. In order to follow the rea-
sons for pruning, it is necessary to be able to recognize the different
kinds of buds and the kinds of growth produced on the trees. There
are four kinds of buds that are important in relation to pruning, and
four kinds of growth. The four kinds of buds are as follows, — fruit
buds, leaf or Avood buds, tenninal buds and adventitious buds. The
four kinds of growth are growth in length, lateral growth, root growth
and the growth produced in healing of wounds. The growth produced
in healing of Avounds is influenced by the methods of pruning and the
condition of the trees. The buds are formed on different kinds of
growth on different varieties and species of trees. The apple, pear
and American and European plums form their fruit buds on short
twigs or spurs which re(]uire two or more 3'ears of growth. Peach and
Japanese plum trees produce fruit buds on the current season's growth,
usually in the form of long whips. The peach, pear and grape read-
ily produce new growth from old wood; this growth is produced from

b

6 The Bulletin

invisible buds known as adventitious buds. Apples and cherries do
not form new growtli very easily from old vs^ood, because of lack of
adventitious buds, nor do they heal over the wounds quickly. For this
reason peach, pear and grape can be pruned more severely than apple
and cherry.

The branches of a tree groAv in two directions; length growth from
terminal buds and lateral growth from auxiliary leaf or wood buds.
Peach and pear trees produce length growth more easily than apple
and cherry trees. For this reason it will be necessary to correct the
habit of the peach and pear trees of producing too much length growth
by cutting back the long whips. On apple and plum trees new growth
can be induced to form by cutting out some of the older wood. Cherry
trees grow to a spnnietrical form naturally and do not require much
pruning except the cutting out of injured, diseased or interfering
branches. Lateral growth usually develops into fruit bearing wood,
while terminal buds form wood growth. It should be the purpose of
the pruuer to properly balance length growth and lateral growth.
Sometimes it is impossible to regulate the growth by pruning back
the branches. Injury may result by heavy pruning, especially those
trees producing strong succulent growth. This is particularly true of
pear trees. The growth of the branches is proportional to the growth
of the roots. If pruning the branches fails to correct the habit of
producing too much wood growth, root pruning may be resorted to.
Pear trees should not be pruned heavily in the winter time, because
winter pruning stimulates wood growth. The pear should be pruned
in the summer time because summer pruning checks wood growth and
induces fruitful ness. Summer pruning should also be followed as a
means of controlling fire blight. By cutting out the diseased branches
as soon as affected, the destructiveness of the blight can be checked.
In pruning the branches care should be exercised not to leave stubs
(Fig. 1) because these seldom heal and they subject the trees to the
attacks of blight, rot and other canker diseases. The branch on a tree
should be pruned close to the place of attachment so that the wound
may heal as quickly as possible. Large wounds on pear and apple
trees should be disinfected with bichloride of mercury, using one tablet
to one pint of water. This will make a solution of one to one thou-
sand. The disinfectant can be bought cheaply at any drug store,
where directions for handling the poison will also be given,

A coat of paint made in the form of thick paste of white lead and
linseed oil should be applied to the Avound immediately after disin-
fecting. Even better results will be obtained if a paint of % parts
coal tar and ^ part creosote oil be applied to the wounds. Besides-
keeping in mind the above stated ])rin('iples of growth, and observing
them in his pruning operations the ])runer will have to use his judg-
ment as to what is the best procedure in the general pruning of young
and old trees.

Best TI^^K to Prune.

A general rule is to prune whenever the knife is sharp. Winter
pi-uning induces wood growth and produces an invigorating and stim-
ulating effect on the growth of the tree. Summer pruning cliccks wood
growth and stimulates fniitfulness. It should also be done to regu-

The Bulletin 7

late water sprout formation and to control diseases. Water sprouts
should be pruned in summer time, cutting them out as soon as they
form. Diseased brandies should be cut out as soon as possible at any
time during summer as well as winter. The time of pruning will also
be governed by convenience in relation to other work. It may be
more convenient to prune in the fall, winter or early spring before sap
begins to flow. IMants tliat may be injured by loss of sap should be
pruned as soon as leaves druj^ in the fall; this should be practiced with
all species of grapes, especially the Muscadines. The most important
thing to do in pruning is to follow a systematic schedule of pnining
every year. Beginning at tlio time of planting the trees, gradual, annual
pruning should be practiced. JSudden severe pruning produces water
sprouts and destroys the balance between wood growth and fruitful-
ness. The bearing habit of old trees depends on care in handling and
pruning of the young trees before they come into bearing. It is im-
possible for trees to produce fine fruit, heal large wounds and combat
diseases all at the same time. The natural function of the tree is to
produce seed. The extra task of developing the edible part of the fruit
has to be supplemented by pro])er handling and pruning of the trees.
The development of the fruit-bearing habit of trees depends on the
care given when they are young.

Pkuxi.xg Tools.

The orchardist should be provided with good pruning tools. This
does not mean that every kind of "patent" tool found on the market
should be experimented with, nor does it mean that the axe or hatchet
should be used for pnining. For young trees and vines, a good handy

Fig. 2. — Pruning Shear.

Via. 3. — Pruning Knife.

There are a number of types of pruning shears, but only the very best should be procured,

so that the best work can be done.

The Bulletin

Flo. 4. — Swivel Pruning Suwx.

ThcBf Miws iiic natiffuctory for iinininc i>niall<'i- l)raiii-ln's. The blades ran bo adjusted to
rut clo^t• to tlie main trunk of tin' Inc. 'J'lie blndi-s arc sluirp and narrow and cut very easily.

TlIK Rri.T.KTIV

Fig. 5, — 'IVpes of Pruning Saws.

The curved saw and tlip double-edged saw are undesirable; the one shown in the center is

satisfactory for larger branches.

i- Hi. I). — i'oli' I'liimr.

This pruner is used in cutting back the long growth on the ends of the branches, where it is
difficult to reach the sprouts with small hand pruners.

10

The Bulletin

pruning shear (Fig. 2) and a pruning knife (Fig. 3) will serve the
best purpose. For older trees, the types of pruning saws, as shown in
(Fig. 4) are of advantage. For larger branches the saws shown in
(Fig. 5) Avill be necessary, and should be used instead of a carpenter's
hand saw. For pruning peach trees, a pole pniner of the kind shown
in (Fig. 6) will do good work. The danger of using long-handled
pruners of any kind is that the pruner is likely to become careless and
leave stubs and thus injure the trees. Pruning should be done carefully
and the branch cut off smoothly, close to the main branch or trunk of
the tree. This can best be done with short-handled pruners adapted to
size of branch, hardness of wood and kind of tree or vine pruned.

Fio. 7. — One-year-old apple tree, to be cut back to two feet in height as indicated by

dotted line.

Pruning the Apple.

Pruning should begin when the apple tree is one year old. The
straight stem (Fig. 7) without any side branches is cut back at time
of planting to a height of two U* throe feet. This will give a low
headed tree that can be handled ]»r()])orly later. The tree should not
be headed too low, as it is diiliculi to lake care of the soil around the

The Bulletin

11

tree when the branches arc too close to the ground. The brunches
should not be headed too high because it will be ditticult to prune and
spray the trees and gather the crop if the branches are out of reach.
A height of about two or three feet will give best results.

During the first growing season, all the growth should be remove«l
as soon as formed except four or five shoots. These shoots should be al-
lowed to grow so as to form the main branches which should be spaced
four to five inches apart on the main stem. Branches that are exactly
opposite should not be allowed to form because of danger of splitting
when the trees come into bearing.

Pruning a Two-Year-Old Apple Tree.

Pruning a two-year-old tree consists of properly distributing and
training the branches to a desired shape and form. There are two
main systems of training apple trees: the central leader or pyramid

Fig. 8. — Twoyear-old apple tree. Cut out the central leader and water sprouts and
prune as indicated by dotted lines. Cut back the long whips from 1-2 to 1-3 the length. Do
not allow opposite branches to form. Dotted lines indicate what shoukl be pruned. Pears,
plums, and cherries are pruned in the same way at this age.

and the open head or vase fonn ; both of these systems are sometimes
exaggerated. For Xorth Carolina conditions a cumbination of the
two systems will give best results; a round headed tree with partially
open center is the most desirable.

♦12

The Bulletin

A two-year-old apple tree is pruned by cutting out the central growth
and cutting back the side branches to a length of twelve to fourteen
inches. If the variety is of the upright, compact, growing nature, the
side branches should be pruned to an outside bud to correct the com-
pact habit of growth and induce the branches to spread. If the vari-
ety is of the scraggly and drooping kind, the form can be somewhat
corrected by pruning to an inside bud. (See Fig. 8). Prune off all
unnecessary growth produced on the main stem except four or five
branches intended for the head of the tree.

Pruning a Three- Year-Old Tree.

The growth on a three-year-old apple tree is all length growth, so
that the pruning will be much like that of the two-year-old tree. Cut
out all water sprouts on the main stem and side branches. Leave only
two or three branches on each main side branch and cut back the
length growth from one-third to one-half. (See Fig. 9.)

Fio. y. — Tlirc'c-yeur old apple tree. Cut out centriil leader and inside inlerferiiiK brandies.
Prune length growth to 12 or 14 inchcB, leavine an outside bud at the end of pruned twig.
I>oltod linos indirate where pruning Bhould be done.

Pkunino the Four-Ye.\r-Old Tree.

A four-year-old apple tree will make two kinds of growth, length
growth from the ends of the pruned branches and lateral growth in
the form of short spurs at the ba.se of the previous sejuson's growth.
Those spurs will later develop into fruit spurs. If the young trees

TllK liULLETIN 13

liave not been pruned up to this time, there will be too much length or
wood growth and no spur formation. The prin('i])lc in i)rniiing young
trees is to regulate wood gruwtli so as to develop fruiting spurs. Tliu
long shoots at the ends of the branches should be cut back one-half or
one-third of the growth, cutting out water sprouts and thinning
branches that are too close. Leave only two or three branches or
sprouts on the ends of last year's growth and cut the sprouts back to
an outside bud or inside bud as the case may require. The five, six
and seven-year-old trees are pruned in the same way (Fig, 10). The
length growth is cut back and thinned out, and all unnecessary growth
in the form of water sprouts on the main trunk and base of main
branches is removed. Fruit si)urs should not be allowed to form at the
base of the main branches and trunk of the tree because of the danger
of pear blight getting into the growing tissues. The general plan of
pruning from this time on Avill be to preserve a symmetrical form, to
check unnecessary wood growth, encourage the formation of fruit
spurs, and to cut out diseased, injured or interfering branches,

Pbuning Old Apple Tkees.

In pruning old trees care should be taken not to prune too severely.
Cut out the middle branches first; next year, the branches forming the
sides of the tree may be pruned out, provided they are too thick and
interfere with one another. Sometimes all that will be necessary will
be to cut out the central branch. Thi.s branch is usually too tall and
out of reach for spraying and harvesting the fniit and serves as an
umbrella shading the lower and more desirable branches. By cutting
out the central leader, air and sunlight can penetrate the branches of
the tree, sjiraying can be done more effectively and the height of the
tree will be lowered so that the fruit can be gathered more easily.
The fruit will also be of larger size and finer color. Care should be
taken that too much wood is not taken out because of danger of sun
scald. If the branches of old trees are a tangled mass of growth, the
old wood should be pruned out, leaving the newer growth. This will
prevent the formation of too much Avater sprout growth. The water
sprouts should be removed in the summer time during the growing sea-
^^on. The main idea in pruning old trees is to replace the old branches
with new ones. This can only be done by gradual pruning every year.
Dead, diseased and interfering branches should be pruned out, care
being taken not to leave stubs on the trees. The large wounds should
he cut smoothly and close to a side branch or the main trunk. The
trees should not be injured by allowing the branches to break and peel
off the bark. The wounds should be disinfected and painted over.

The best disinfectant is a solution of bichloride of mercury, one tab-
let (7'o grains) to one pint of water. This should be apjdied imme-
diately after the branch is cut off. Care should be taken in handling
the bichloride, as it is a poison and will corrode metal, clothes and
hands. White lead and linseed oil made into a thick i)aint may be
used, but better results will be obtained with a paint made of two-
thirds part coal tar and one-third part creosote oil. The tar creosote
paint is a powerful disinfectant and actually prevents rotting of tin-
wood, while the white lead paint is not so effective.

14

The Bulletin

Fio. 10. — Five-year old apple tree. Notice length growth in the form of sprouts on the
ends of branches and lateral growth in the form of spurs at buso of branches. Prune as
indicated by dotted line, cutting out central leader, water sprouts and ends of new growth to
an outfidn bud. I'rune six and seven-year-old trees in same way. Fruit will develop on
Hpurs the iiixth or seventh year.

The Bulletin 15

Pruning the Pear Tree.

The pear tree is pruned to check the succulent wood growth and to
control blight. The training and shaping of the young tree is the
same as that of the apple tree. After the pear tree becomes six or
eight years old not as much winter pruning will be necessary and
more summer pruning should be given. The heavy succulent growth
is due to strong root growth. It may be advisable to prune the roots
during the winter rather than the branches. This is done by exposing
the root system in the winter time and cutting one of the main roots
with an axe, leaving the part cut off in the soil. Water sprouts are re-
moved during growing season.

The wounds on pear trees should always be well disinfected with
bichloride solution immediately after the branch is cut off. It is more
important to disinfect the wounds than to disinfect the tools. Every
precaution should be taken not to infect the wounds with the blight
disease by improper pruning. The wounds should also be painted over
with the tar creosote paint mentioned above for apples. All fruit
spurs on main trunk and lower parts of main branches should be re-
moved. Prune in the winter to cut out blight cankers and in the sum-
mer time to check spread of blight disease. Dead, diseased and inter-
fering branches should be pruned out at any time of the season.

Pruning Peach Trees.

The peach, like all other fruit trees, requires annual and thorough
I»runing from the time of transplanting. The growth is more vigor-
ous and free from diseases. For this reason, the large amount of
wood growth produced will require more severe pruning. The fruit
buds are borne in pairs on long whips formed the previous season.
These whips or shoots grow out on the ends of previous season's
branches. If peach trees are neglected and not pruned, all the fruit-
ing whips will be produced on the ends of long branches. The lower
branches will be shaded by branches above forming long top-heavy
branches which will break off when a crop of fruit is borne. This
habit of the tree can be corrected by cutting off the ends of the new
shoots and cutting out the growth in the center of the tree to admit
air and sunlight in order that shading and crowding of the branches
may be prevented. The peach twigs require sunlight for best develop-
ment; for this reason an open head should be the plan of pruning
peach trees.

Pruning OxE-YEAK-OLn Peach Trees.

Peach trees should be headed low enough to permit the examination
of the base of the trunk for borers and to enable the cultivation of the
trees. The tendency to produce tall growth should be checked by cut-
ting off the length growth and heading the tree at proper height of
about eighteen inches from the ground.

The pruning at time of trans])lanting should consist of cutting out
the central branches and cutting out all unnecessary growth on the
main stem except four branches. These branches are spaced three or
four inches apart and are cut back to short spurs two or three inches
long as shown in diagramatic illustration (Fig. 11). These spurs

16

The Bulletin

should be left on the main stem in such a way that two will extend in
opposite directions, north and south, and the other two, east and west.
The spurs should contain two opposite buds.

Pruning Two- Year-Old Peach Trees.

The pruning of the peach tree the second year should consist of cut-
ting out the central branches and water sprouts on the main stem and

Fig. 11. — One-year-old peach tree. Cut out c(>ntr!il loailor, loiivinj; four branches pruned
to spurs 2 inches long, as indicated by dotted lines. Do not allow opposite branches to form.

FlO 12. — Twoycar-old peach tree. Cut out central Krowtli in form of siirouts and cut
back length growth to 1-2 as indicated by dotted lines.

leaving two sprouts on each spur id" the previous season (Fig. 12).
Tlie.se sprouts are cut back to a length of twelve or fourteen inches and
pruiiod to an outside bud, so that an open bead may bo formed. Prune
well above the buds, so that tliey may not be injured by the wound dry-
ing out.

Tub Bulletin

17

Pruning Three-Year-Oi d Tkach Trees.

The peach tree will hc^in to form fruit buds the third or fourth
year after transplanting. The.-^e fruit huds are borne in pairs and are
usually located in the middle part of the twigs. The leaf or wood buds
are produced at the base and ends of the twigs and are arranged spi-
rally. The pruning should consist of cutting off the ends of the shoots
to prevent the wood buds from producing too much length growth, so
as to enable the buds at the base to make the new fruit bearing growth
for next season (Fig. 13). By this plan the tree will be kept to a

Fia. 13. — Three-year-old peach tree. Notice the buds on the peach tree, single buds at
ends of twig.s and double buds at base. Prune the ends of the new growth to 1-2 or 1-3, cut
out central leader and interfering growth to open center of the tree. The peach tree bears
fruit on new growth beginning the third year. The double buds develop into fruit. Prune with
this in mind in subsequent years. The dotted lines indicate where pruning should be done.

limited height and the fruit will be closer to the main branches so that
there will be less danger of the branches breaking from a heavy crop.
The fruit also is not so liable to be blown off by the wind.

After peach trees become four and five years old the pruning will be
the same as of the three-year-old trees except that there will be more

IS The Bulletin

branelies to prune. The old wood is pruned out so as to allow new
growth to form. The new shoots are cut back one-third to one-half,
and Avhere they may be too crowded, the shoots are thinned out. The
center of the tree should be kept open so as to admit air and sunlight,
which helps to produce good color and size of the fruit. Dead, dis-
eased, injured and interfering branches should be cut out.

Pruning Old Peach Trees.

If peach trees have been badly neglected by lack of pruning they
may be renewed by judicious cutting off or dehorning of the branches.
Peach trees produce new growth very readily from adventitious buds
on old wood. For this reason little or no harm is done by severe prun-
ing; and in case the buds are injured by a late frost, dehorning should
be resorted to, so that the trees may better be able to produce fruit
bearing growth for next season.

The dehorning consists in cutting the long branches to stubs two or
three feet in length. These stubs will produce new shoots which will
bear fruit the following season. Wounds on peach trees heal very
quickly, but care should be taken to paint the wounds with tar creo-
sote paint to prevent the rotting of the heart and sap wood. Later
pruning will be to cut the sprouts back to one-half or one-third and to
thin out crowded and interfering growth, keeping the centers of the
trees open.

Pruning Cherry Trees.

Young cherry trees are started in the same way as apple trees, ex-
cept that not as much pruning will be necessary. The cherry tree
naturally forms a symmetrical head so that very little training of the
tree will be required. After the tree becomes older very little pruning
should be given. However, it may be necessary to remove just enough
wood to prevent branches from interfering and to cut out diseased and
injured parts. Large branches should not be removed because the
wounds on old wood do not heal very readily, so that there may be
danger of the wounds drying out and injuring the trees. The old wood
cannot be renewed by pruning like the peach, pear or apple trees be-
cause cherry trees do not form adventitious buds on old wood.

Pruning Plum Trees.

As with all fruit trees, the pruning should begin with the young
trees. The object of pruning young plum trees is to train the trees
to a low headed form with a partially open center. The Japanese
plums should be pruned much like peach trees; the European and
American plums should be pruned according to the directions given
for apple trees. After the trees become of bearing ago, they will need
very little pruning. Dead, injured and interfering brandies should
be removed.

Pruning Grapes.

The grape is the easiest of all fruit plants to prune. The principal
reasons for pruning tlic grape are to keep the vine in due bounds and
to prune for fruitfulness by cutting out all unnecessary wood growth.

Thb Bulletin

19

Grape vines should be pnined in the fall or early winter, because there
is danger of loss of sap if the vines are pruned late in the winter or
just before sap begins to rise.

There are two general systems of training grape vines, the upright
and the drooping systems. The drooping or Kniffin System is prob-
ably best for conditions in North Carolina. This system consists in
training the vine to a main stem with four arms on two wires, the
lower wire 3 feet from ground and the upper one 2Y2 f<^et above the
lower. The fruit is borne on shoots produced on canes coming from
two-year-old wood.

£i « U^aTe/' 3/}rou^

Fig. 14. — Grape vine. First season's growth after planting. Main stem with four arms
in form of water sprouts, trained to two wires. In fall or winter prune the sprouts to spurs
of two nodes long as indicated by dotted lines.

Pruning the First Year After Planting.

The grape vine ought to produce a main stem and four arms in the
form of water sprouts the first season. These sprouts are cut back to
short spurs two joints or nodes in length. If more than four sprouts
are produced, they should be cut off close to the main stem, leaving
only four close to the wires. (See Fig. 14.)

Fio. 15. — Grape vine. Second season's growth after planting consists of fruiting canes
for next year, and water sprouts on main stem. Notice the fruiting canes arc more zigzag
and have shorter nodes or joints than the water sprouts. Prune the sprouts to spurs two
nodes long, as indicated by dotted lines. Cut the ends of the canes to a desired length.

The second year after planting (See Fig 15) the grape vine will
make fruiting canes from the spurs left last season. Only one cane
should be left on each spur. The main stem will also produce a num-

20

The Bulletin

ber of water sprouts. The pruning will consist of cutting back the
water sprouts to spurs two nodes in length. If more sprouts are pres-
ent, they should be cut off close to main stem.

The growth of the grape the third season (See Fig. 16) will consist
of water sprouts on main stem, fruiting canes on spurs and fruit on
shoots produced on last season's canes. The vine is pruned by cutting
out all unnecessary water sprouts, leaving two to each wire ; these water
sprouts should be cut back to spurs two nodes in length. The old
fruiting canes are cut out entirely. ISTew fruiting canes produced on
spurs of last season should be left to bear fruit the following season.
The fruiting canes have shorter nodes and more mature buds than the
water sprouts which produce a long succulent growth. This method
is repeated the successive and following years.

a - l-t/a/er ■3i>roi/7s'
^ = 0/c/^iTinj Cones

Fig. 16. — Third season's growtli after planting consists of fruit bearing sprouts produced
on fruiting canes, water sprouts on main stem, and fruiting canes for next season on water
sprout spurs. After gathering fruit, prune in fall or winter, cut out the old fruiting canes
and cut back the water sprouts to spurs two nodes long and new canes to desired length as
indicated by dotted lines.

Pruning Muscadine Gkapes.

The Scuppernong and other varieties of Muscadine grapes make a
very vigorous and luxuriant growth. For this reason they are better
adapted to training on an arbor or overhead trellis. They may be
trained, however, to the Kniffin System the same as the bunch grape,
except that six arms on three wires are allowed to form instead of four
as with the bunch grapes. These arms should also be much longer
so as not to reduce the fruiting capacity of the vine.

In training Muscadine grapes only one branch should be allowed to
grow for the main stem. (See Fig. 17).

The arbor or overhead trellis can be made of any durable timber.
Four posts are placed around the vine and properly braced to make a
substantial support for the vine. Rails, woven wire fencing or galvan-
ized pipes can be used on which the vine may be trained. Single
strands of wire on such an arbor should not be used because it is diffi-
cult to keep th(!m uniformly tight. The vines should be pruned as
soon as the leaves drop in the fall. Annual ])tuiiiiig .should be prac-
ticed. Riidden severe ]iiiniing is liable to injure the vines.

TlIK Bir.I.KTIN

21

Fici. 17. — Muscadine grape, trained on an arbor.

The Bulletin 23

LEAF TOBACCO SALES FOR MAY. 1916.

Pounds sold for producers, first hand 281,215

Pounds sold for dealers 27,363

Pounds sold for warehouses 79,395

Total 387,973

LEAF TOBACCO SALES FOR JUNE. 1916.

Pounds sold for producers, first hand 83,598

Pounds sold for dealers 16.146

Pounds sold for warehouses 776

Total 100,520

TIUO IJUI.I.KTIN

OF THB

NORTH CAliOI.INA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RALEIOII

I

Vol. 37, No. 8 AUGUST, 1916 Whole No. 223

FARM WEEDS OF NORTH CAROLINA

AND

METHODS FOR THEIR CONTROL

NUMBER 1

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SKNT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.

Entered at the Po^toflice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,
B'ebruary 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900.

I

tOWAUDI • ■ROUSHTON ritlHTINa CO . RALIrOH. N C

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Raleigh, N. C, September 20, 1916.
Hon. W. a. Graham,

Commissioner of Agnculture,

Raleigh, N. G.

Sir : — I have the honor to hand you herewith a manuscript, with cuts,

discussing briefly the most approved methods, of eradication and control

of seventeen of the leading farm weeds found in North Carolina, and

recommend its publication as the August Bulletin of the Division of

Botany and Agronomy of this Department. For the cuts used in this

Bulletin we are indebted to the Michigan Agricultural Experiment

Station. Respectfully yours,

James L. Burgess,

Approved : Agronom,ist and Botanist.

W. A. Graham,

Commissioner.

LEAF TOBACCO SALES FOR AUGUST, 1916.

Pounds sold for producers, first lunid 13,841,939

Pounds sold for dealers 682,605

Pounds sold for warehouses 257,037

Total 14,781,581

Farm Weeds of Nortli Carolina and Methods for their Control

BY

James L. Hurgkss and Clarence H. Waldson

IMKODrCiOKV

Any plant found erroAviiifj; wIiltl' thu fanner does not want it may be
properly called a weed. For example, wheat is u weed when found
scattered through the oat fields. Corn is a weed when found in the
cotton field, etc. IJut, as a rule, farm weeds are not economic plants
and have little or no value, from the farmer's point of view, regardless
of whore they are found growing.

Some weeds complete their growth in one year, and are, for this reason,
called annuals: others require two seasons to complete their growth, and
are called biennials; still others come from the root each year, or are not
killed down to the ground by frosts at the end of the season, and are
called perennials. Or, to put it differently, annual plants come from
the seed each year; biennials every two years; while perennial plants
come from the seed but once through a long series of years, as the oaks
and other familiar trees.

GENFRAI. PRINCIPLES OF WEED CONTROL

1. All future generations of w^eeds that come from seed can be cut off
liy preventing the parent plants from maturing seeds.

2. All weeds that come from the root, or root stock, each year may
I'vcntually be killed by not allowing them to produce loaves.

3. Frequent tillage of cultivated fields, and frequent mowing of mead-
ows and clipping of pastures arc excellent means of weed eradication.

4. Sometimes fields must be cleared of growths the stumps of which
sprout profusely for several succeeding seasons. The best time to clear
such lands is when the trees are in full leaf and just when the growth
I if the present season has stopped. The roots have then given up to the
spring growth most of the food supply stored in them the previous
summer and have not had time to accumulate a new supply for the
growth of the following spring. Jh/ cl"arin(j at this critical time, little
nr no sprouting from most trees and shrubs need be expected. Of course,
the liftinc: of the stumps will prevent sprouting, but it is not always
practicable to do this.

.'). Every one is familiar with the practice of clearing land of weeds
and chaparral by grazing it with cattle, sheep, and particularly goats.

Corn or Purple Cockle. Agrostemma Gitkago L.

A member of tlie Piuk family. An annual about three feet bigh,
braucbes few. Entire plant covered with silky bairs. Leaves narrow,
two to four incbes long. Flowers sbowy, rose-purple, an inch or more
wide. Petals five. Calyx ridged, swollen at maturity. Seeds large,
blaek, roughly triangular, covered with rows of coarse teeth. A weed in
wheat fields. The seed is injurious to flour. Throughout the State.
June to September. control

Sow only clean seed wheat, oats and rye. Hand-pull all cockle plants
found growing in the grain fields. Practice clean cultivation on infested
fields, and see that no cockle plants mature seed. This plant is listed
among the poisonous plants of America, and any large amount of the seed
in wheat renders the flour unsafe for human food; and wheat tailings
or screenings containing an appreciable amount of cockle are said to be
unsafe feed for poultry.

No. I. f'oilN oil I'ultl'LE C'OCKLK (JU .\0H08ri.MMA CllHAOO L.

TiiK Bulletin

Wild Onion. AJUmn vincale L.

Otlier nniiu's arc Field (Jarlio or AVild (Jarlif. This \\
uf the Lily family, and bears during June and July u
purpli' riowors at the summit of a naked
steni about two feet high. Leaves long and
slender, prnduced at the base of the stem,
which terminates in a small bulb of the
onion type. Seeds are not produced, and
the ])lant increases princijially by means
of bulblets which are produced amonc; the
flowers. Found everywhere, and particu-
larly in pastures, where it is objectiona-
ble to stock owners, as it ruins the flavor
of milk. Flour made from wheat contain-
insr the bulbh^ts is unfit for use.

CONTROL

Late fall plowing and early spring cul-
tivation are recommended. While the
bulbs form under ground as a normal
method of propagating the plant, these
bulbs cannot continue to grow very many
seasons if the above-ground portion of
the ])lant is persistently destroyed either
by cultivation or grazing. Late fall ploAV-
ing, therefore, when the tops have at-
tained a height of six to eight inches, will
greatly weaken if it does not entirely de-
stroy the fall growth ; and the early spring
stirrings of the soil, after the spring
growth of the onions has put up some
inches, will go a long way toward killing
the spring crop of left-over bulblets. Fol-
low these fall and spring stirrings of the
soil by thorough, clean, summer cultiva-
tion for two or three years, and the onions
will be under pretty good control. Pas-
turing with sheep, goats, and beef cattle —
never with dairy cattle — is very helpful in
the control of this weed. Sow clean seed
wheat and oats, as another heljiful remedy.

lant IS a
cluster

member
of small

No. 2. Wild O.vion or
Allium vineale l.

The Bulletin

Sheep Sorrel.

Rumex acetosella L.

Known also as Field
Sorrel, Red Sorrel, Sour
Grass. A plant of the
Buckwheat family, peren-
nial, spreading by woody
rootstocks. Leaves one to
four inches long, arrow-
shaped, smooth, rather
fleshy. Flowers greenish,
in erect panicled racemes,
male and female flowers
borne on separate plants.
Wliole plant sour to the
taste. Seeds triangular,
reddish, shining; about
i/4o of an inch long.
Seeds a very common im-
purity in clover seed.
Found everywhere in the
State where the soil is de-
ficient in lime. May to
September.

CONTROL

Clean and frequent cul-
tivation of land planted
in hoed crops to prevent
the plants from making
seed is the most effective
means of controlling this
pest. The use of lime
will aid in its eradication,
but any soil condition
that will promote the
rapid growth of other
crops will, in a measure,
check the spread of sheep
sorrel. Only clean seeds
of grass and clover should
be sowed. Pasturing
with sheep will help to
keep it in check; also
plowing it under while
green and before the
blooming period.

No. 3 Sheep Sokhei, on Rumex acetoskm.a I,.

TlIK LilLLETIN

Buckhorn.

riantiujo lancculata L.

Also called Rib Grass. English
Plantain. An erect perennial, one
to two feet tall. Leaves all basal,
two t) twelve inches long, nar-
rowly lanceolate, hairy, promi-
nently ribbed. Flowers brownish,
in cylindrical spikes on slender,
naked stems. Seeds shiny, amber
ooltired, shaped like a boat with
thick walls, about W^ of an inch
long. Found throughout the
State. Especially bad in clover
fields, as it is extremely difficult
to separate the seed from that ut
clover. April to November.

CONTROL

Sow only clean seed and pre-
vent those plants already in the
field from making seed. Clean
cultivation is also effective in its
control.

No. 4. BUCKHOBN OE Pl.ANTAOO LANCKOLATA L.

The Bulletin

Large Bracted Plantain. Plantago aristata Michx.

A low, dark-green, hairy annual, six to eighteen inches high. Leaves
long, slender, all basal. Flowers greenish, borne on slender, naked stems
in cylindrical, bracted spikes. Seeds light brown, boat-shaped, marked
with a transverse groove on convex side. Introduced from the West. In
fields in the eastern and central sections of the State. May to October.

Same as for Buckhorn.
tivation of fields.

CONTROL

Keep it from seeding and practice clean cul-

No. 5. Lah'ik Bracted Plantain oe Plantaqo auistata Michx.

The Bulletin

9

Field Dodder.

Cuscuta arven^i<i Bey rich.

Another name is Lovt-viue. Au
annual plant, jjarasitic on clovers
and other plants. The seed germ-
inates in the ground, and a stem
is sent up which attaches itself
to neighhoring plants, and the
root soon dies, the sole nourish-
ment being gained from the host
]ilant. No leaves are produced,
and the stems are bright yellow,
slender and twining. The small
white flowers grow in clusters
along the s\or\. Seed small, dull
brown, round or partly flattened.
Found throughout the State. June
and August.

CONTROL

This weed pest amounts to a
blight in all clover and alfalfa
fields, and when once it gets hold
it is a most dithcult plant to ex-
terminate. The use of absolutely
clean seed is the most effective
remedy. The cutting and burning
of plants attacked, and the plow-
ing under of the crop before the
dodder plants have made seed are
also effective remedies against its
spread. Since the plants come
from seed each season any prac-
tice that Avill prevent seeding will
kill the pest.

No. 6. Field Doddeb or

OUSCUTA ARVEN'SIS HeVRICH.

10

The Bulletin

Common Chickweed. StelUria media (L.) Cyrill.

A weak, sprawling, much-branched annual. Stems four to sixteen
inches long. Plant smooth except for a line of hairs on one side of the

stem. Loaves small, ovate. Flowers
in leafy cymes, or solitary in the
axils of the leaves. Petals very
small, white, deeply two-parted.
Seeds numerous, very small, reddish
brown, roughened. Common every-
where, especially in lawns. March
to December, but flourishes espe-
cially in moist, cool weather.

CONTROL

This weed has, for a long time,
been particularly troublesome in
lawns, but of recent years has spread
to the hay fields and is literally "tak-
ing" many alfalfa fields and choking
^^^^out the crop. It makes its most rapid
vegetative growth when other crops,
as alfalfa, clover, and the small
grains, are dormant and thus attains
an unfair advantage over them in
the struggle for existence. This
M^eed pest came to us in imported
lawn grass and clover seeds, and was
at first an object of curiosity, where
it is now, like the English Sparrow,
a. devouring pest that is well-nigh
beyond our control. The seeds of
this plant have remarkable longevity
and will germinate after having lain
ill the ground for years.

The use of only clean seeds, clean
and thorough cultivation, turning the
land before the plants set the flow-
ers, and the use of smothering crops,
are among the best known methotls

of eradication.
No. 7. Common Chickwekd (ik

StELLAIIIA MKDIA (I.M TBIM,

TiiK Bulletin

11

German Knot Grass. ScUranthus annvs L.

Other iianios are Kiiawcl and Gravel Cliickwccd. A very small an-
nual, nmr-li branched, rarely over six inches in height, roots long, fibrous
and tough. Leaves very small, awl-
shaped. Flowers greenish, inconspic-
uous. A single seed to each flower, ^'^^s&fj^ ^^^ TrsiA
included in the hard, dry. calyx, Avhich ^^^^^^ ^^.. "J^^I^^^Xtfw^.
drops off at maturity. Frequently seen ^C?^t ^O^ '*"'t^
in reddish mats close to -the ground, in ""^^^ Jk^ \i
cultivatid fields and waste places in the '^\^ "x ^i^
eastern and central parts of the State. \ \
Obnoxious in winter cereals. March .*Vi¥ ,. \w
to October.

CONTROL

This pest is rapidly gaining ground
in Xorth Carolina. Imported some
years ago in clover and other seeds
from Europe, it has now taken such
hold in some sections of the State that
its eradication will require rather he-
roic measures. Like chickweed, it ac-
quires its principal growth in early
spring when other plants are dormant,
and, its seeds being inconspicuous, re-
seeds the land profusely before one is
aware of it.

Methods of eradication are about the
same for this plant as for chickweed.
Keep it from seeding, and sow only
good, clean seed.

No. 8. Gkrman K.not Gk.\.ss

SCLER.\.\THl'S .\NNUS L.

<1R

12

The Bulletin

Spiny or Red Amaranth.

Amaranthus spinosus L.

A coarse annual plant, growing to
about four feet in height. Plant dull
green, nearly smooth, stem some-
times red. Leaves ovate to lanceo-
late, a pair of sharp spines, some-
times one inch long, at the base of
each one. Female flowers in dense
clusters in the axils of the upper
leaves, male flowers in dense term-
inal spikes. Flowers green. Seeds
very small, round, black, highly pol-
ished. Throghout the State in gar-
dens, fields, and waste places. June
to September.

CONTROL

ITand-pulling is the surest means
of control. Clipping in order to
prevent seeding will not succeed as
the stubble will sprout profusely and
make seeds near the ground. Clean
cultivation and the use of clean seeds
are other means of controlling its
spread.

No. 9. SriNY OK liKD AiJARANTlI
OK Amaua.mhus bfinomus L.

TlIK BULLKTIX

13

Winter Cress.

Barharea vulgaris B. Br.

Callocl also Yellow "Rockot. A
meiiibor of tlio Mustard family. A
smooth upright perennial, growing
to a height of about two feet. Lower
leaves petioled, pinnatifid, the term-
inal division much larger than the
lateral ones. Upper leaves smaller,
sessile, flowers showy, bright yel-
low, in racemes. Petals and pods
nearly cylindrical, one inch long.
Seed slightly roughened, grayish
brown, flattened, broadly oval. Oc-
curs in the eastern and central parts
of the State. A conspicuous weed
of fields and gardens in very early
spring. February to June.

CONTROL

This plant is eaten as greens by
many people and makes a most pal-
atable early spring dish. It is gen-
erally found on low lands and be-
comes a pestiferous weed only when
these lands are seeded to wheat, oats,
clover, or some other uncultivatt'd
crop. Hand jjulling of small patches,
jdowing the land before the flower
stalks put up, sowing only clean seed,
and otherwise preventing the plants
from maturing seeds are the leading
methods of control.

No. 10. WiNTEB CKESS ok

Baku.^eea vulgaris R. Bk.

14

The Bulletin

Wild Carrot. Daucm Carota L.

Also known as Queon Anne's Lace or Bird's-ncst Plant. A biennial
plant. Grows about three feet high, rougli-hairy all over. Leaves much
divided into narrow lobes. Root fleshy, conical. Flowers small, white,
massed together into a large, flat-topped umbel. As the fruit ripens the
umbel closes up so as to resemble a bird's nest. Fruit oval, flattened,

having rows of weak spines which

^fi

■f--yp

^.

vi-''.«.,r»;.- >,-.

i-.'-'^i'-ict^'' "'''

are generally knocked off when
seed containing it is cleaned. Very
common everywhere. It is prob-
;ibly merely the garden carrot es-
caped from cultivation. June to
September.

CONTKOL.

This weed is not a very formid-
able enemy to crop production in
this State, and, when in fields
which can be pastured, it fur
nishes a very good forage for
certain live stock. It is usually
worse in clover fields that are to
be mowed for hay or seed. But,
since wild carrot is a vigorously
gromng, tap-rooted biennial plant
that soon covers a field and adds a
great deal of organic matter to
the soil, even where the land is
poor, it should be looked upon as
a source of soil fertility, particu-
larly on poor lands that can be
allowed to lie for a few years,
rather than as a weed pest to be
gotten rid of.

Since it requires two years be-
fore it can make seed, the plow-
ing under of the plant in early
spring will prove very effective in
its control. The clover fields may
be clipped while tlic plants are in
bloom as a partial remedy. Pas-
turing Avill also help to keep it
down.

No. 11. Wii.D Cabkot or
Daucus cakota L.

The Bulletin

15

Stinking Mayweed.

Anthrmis Cotula L.

Other names are Dog Fennel,
Dog's Chamomile. A membor of
the Sunflower family, closely re-
lated to the Daisy. An ill-smell-
ing, much branched annual, one
to two feet high. Leaves finely
divided. Flower heads white with
a yellow center, about one inch
wide, rays ten to eighteen. Seeds
small, brown, oblong, or obovoid,
with ten longitudinal warty ribs.
Throughout the State. A vile
weed around dwellings, farm-
steads and in fields. June to
November.

CONTROL

Tliis is a bad weed in pastures,
but never bothers the cultivated
fields. As it comes from the seed
each year, the preventing of seed-
ing will destroy it.

No. 12. STINKI.Nn M.\YWEED OR
ANTUK.MIS COTULA L.

16

The Bulletin-

Yellow Nut Grass. Cyperus escuhntus L.

A member of the Sedo:G Family. Perennial. Yerv similar to a grass
in appearance, but the leaves are arranged in ranks of three at the base,
of the flowering stem. Flowers reddish brown, in slender spikelets, which
are arranged in a cluster of loose spikes, subtended by an involucre of

three to six leaves. Xo
seeds are produced, and
the plant is propagated
by small edible tubers
;^v ^ Avhich occur at short in-

i?^^ ^^if^ tervals along the root-

stock, and which render
the plant so difficult of
eradication. Occurs
throughout the State in
moist ground. August to
October. Very abundant
eastward.

CONTROL

It is rather difficult to
control this pest, as it
does not need to make
seed in order to spread
its growtli. The small,
brown edible tubers mul-
tiply on thei roots and
from these tubers new
plants come each year.
Hogs like the tubers and
help keep the plant in
check in fields that can
be pastured by hogs.
"While there is no very
effective remedy for this
pest known, about the
best is thorough drain-
age, where the land is in
need of drainage, follow-
ed by clean and thorough
cultivation. Smothering
crops will liclp. and an
alternation of hay and
hoed crops is likely to be
found satisfactory.

No. 13. YKLLf)W Nut Gr.\.ss or

CvrKEUS ESCULKNTUS L.

The Bulletin

Cheat. Bro7nii3 sccalinns L.

Also known as Chess or Whoat
Tliief. ^rciiibcr of the (irass family
and elosely related to Brome Grass.
A winter annual growing about
two feet high. Panicle loose, spike-
lets slightly drooping, each spikelet
containing eight or ten flowers. Seed
% of an inch long, light brown,
bearing an awn about half its length.
Common throughout the State, and
particularly objectionable in wheat
and oats. As the plant is hardier
than wheat or oats, and the seed is
not easily separated from grain in
cleaning, it is hard to convince many
farmers that their grain does not
actually ''turn to Cheat." June to
July.

CONTROL

Sow clean seed, wheat and oats.
As it always comes from the seed,
the fields of wheat and oats can be
thoroughly cleared of this pest by
not allowing any of the "cheat"
plants to mature seed, and by not
sowing any of the seed with the
wheat and oat crops. Of course
pulling by hand is quite effective In
controlling its spread when it first
starts. This is an excellent hay
plant and is always welcome in
meadows. It becomes a weed only
when it gets into the small grain
fields, and it may get into these
fields through the manure from the
animals fed with hav eontaininir it.

No. 14— Cheat or Hromu8 secamnus L.

18

The Bulletin

Sandbur.

Cenchrus tribul aides L.

Called also Sandspur and Bur
Grass. An inconspicuous annual
grass with short, pale-green
sheathing leaves. Spreads over
the ground in mats, individual
stems sometimes two feet long.
Easily recognized by the fruit,
which consists of a small, hard
bur with sharp, diverging spines.
A single branch may bear twenty
burs. Painful and dangerous in
the harvest field or wherever
found. Fruit ripe June to Sep-
tember. Occurs in the eastern
part of the State, along the sea-
shore and in sandy ground.

CONTROL

Clean cultivation which pre-
vents the ripening of seed will
prevent its spread. Burs stick to
passing animals and are thus
spread from field to field. There-
fore, fields that contain it in large
amounts should not be pastured
with sheep or, perhaps, cattle that
have not shed their winter coat
of hair.

No. 15. S.\ND11UU on

Cencheus tkihuloides L.

The BuLLETix

19

Crab Grass. DIgitaria sanguinalis ( L.) Scop.

Known also as Finger Grass or Crowfoot Gross. A ratlier coarse
annual grass, with stems about three feet high when erect, hut usuall.v
sprawling on the ground and rooting at the joints. Spikes slender, about
five inches long, borne four or tive together at the summit of the stem.
Seeds small, oval, yellowish-green, wooly. Found throughout the State.
July and August.

CONTROL

Crab Grass is the one implacable enemy of all lawns, alfalfa fields,
and cultivated cro]is in North raioliua. and about the only sure method
of control is to prevent seed-
ing by thorough cultivation.
It seeds profusely and comes
from the seed each year.
Mowing lawns to ]irevent
seeding is not entirely suc-
cessful as some of the stems
will lie almost flat on the
ground and make seed in
spite of close clipping witii
the lawn mower. Land in
tended for alfalfa and laA\ms
should be fallowed during
the summer jireceding the
spring jilanting. The land
should be gone over by a
weeder or a harrow as often
as the small crab grass
plants show themselves
above ground. Persistence
in this practice will kill
most, or all, of the crab
grass seeds in the soil before
the cro]) is pitched.

Crab grass would always
be welcome in hay fields but
for the fact that seeds may
be scattered through the
manure from animals fed
with the hay. This grass'in
the pastures is, however, not
only harmless, but makes a
most palatable and nutri-
tious feed for cattle.

No. 16.

Cbab Grass oe Dioitaria saxouinalis
(L) Scop.

20

The Bulletin

Bermuda Grass. Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers.

Called also Scutch Grass, Dog's-tootli Grass. Flower stems not over
a foot high, produced from long, creeping stolons which are the plant's
chief method of propagation. Leaves small, crowded at the hase of the
flowering stem. Spikes four to five, purplish, arranged in the same
manner as the fingers on the hand. Seed small, light yellow, keeled so
as to appear half oval in outline. Not abundantly produced in this
section, but occurs more or less everywhere throughout the State in lawns,
waste places and cultivated fields. Used extensively for lawns and golf
courses. July to September.

CONTROL

J^ot many farmers in
N" r t h Carolina are
afraid of Bermuda Grass
as it is coming to be rec-
ognized as our very best
permanent pasture plant.
It is not to be feared as
a weed, for good crops
can be grown in spite of
it, and the land is always
left more fertile because
of its presence in the soil.

"When found in culti-
vated fields, however, it
is a weed in most cases.
Shallow plowing and rak-
iiig out tlie roots, follow-
ed by smothering crops,
will generally keep it un-
der control. Bermuda
(irass now ripens seed in
Xorth Carolina, thus
having two methods of
extending its spread — by
root stocks and by seeds.
It must, therefore, be
kept from both growing
leaves and producing seed
ill order to kill it entirely
— a dilHcult undertaking.

So. 17. Bermuda Grass or
Cynodon dactyl'jn (L.) Pkus.

Tin: BUI.I.KTIN

OF THB

NORTH CAROI^INA

DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE

RALEIOII

Vol. 37, No. 9 SEPTEMBER, 1916 Whole No. 224

REPORT OF SEED TESTS FOR 1916

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.

Entered at the Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,
February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900.

tDWARDS t IROUfiHTON PRINTINS CO.. RALII6H. N. C

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Raleigh, K C, August 30, 1916.
IIoN. W. A. Graham,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

Sir : — In compliance with the Xorth Carolina Seed Act, I have the
honor to suhniit here-\vith the results of our examination of all the
samples of agricultural and vegetable seeds sent to the North Carolina
Seed Laboratory from July 1, 1915, to July 1, 1916.

These examinations and tests were made by Mr. C. H. Waldron, our
seed analyst, assisted by Miss Alma I. Stone, our assistant seed analyst.

I beg to recommend the publication of these results as the September
Bulletin of the Division of Botany and Agronomy of this department.

Respectfully submitted,

James L. Burgess,
Approved : State Agronomist.

W. A. Graham,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF BOTANY AND AGRONOMY

FOR 1916

The present publication is the sixth annual report of seed tests made
by this department, and includes all samples received from July 1, 1915,
to July 1, 1916. During this time 1,345 samples in all have been tested:
total agricultural seed samples 973, samples fi'om inspectors 575, sam-
ples from individuals 398. Germination tests were made of 372 sam-
ples of vegetable seeds. Also 78,386 c.c. of tobacco seed were received
and cleaned for farmers of the State as against 59,362 c.c. received
in 1915.

The farmers are taking an increasing interest in the use of better
seeds. The degree of their interest may be seen from the number of
seed samples they send from year to year to the Seed Laboratory for
examination. During 1914 individual farmers sent on their own initia-
tive 228 samples of seeds for examination ; during 1915 284 samples,
and during the year ending July 1, 3916, 405 samples.

A shortage in funds compelled the commissioner to call the seed
inspectors out of the field about a month before their work was com-
pleted. This action reduced the total number of inspector's samples

tot

collected and greatly interfered wi||h the regulatory work of tbe Seed
Laboratory the past year.

RELATIVE STANDING OF NORTH CAROLINA SEED

LABORATORY

Nothing sliow.s more conclusivolv tlie ctiicieiicv of a st'cd laboratory
than the gormiuation test. At the beginning of this year the Association
of American Seed Analysts, of wbidi organization the North Carolina
Seed Laboratory is a member, submitted through its secretary, ^Ir.
Oswald, twenty-one ditferent samples of the most diificultly germinating
seeds to the fifty-one different seed laboratories throughout the United
States and Canada fni- the jnirpose of testing the efficiency of these
different laboratories.

This test of efficiency meant a great deal to the different laboratories
and to the people served by them.

The following table shows the result of thi.s crucial test, and North
Carolinians will be delighted to note that their laboratory stands among
the first on the continent in point of efficiency of service.

Number 12 in the table is the number assigned to North Carolina,
and one has only to compare this number with the other numbers to
ascertain the standing of our laboratory as compared with the other
seed laboratories of North America.

The figures in the column marked "laboratory number" designate
the different sjed laboratories in North America. The numbers in the
columns under the names of the different seeds, as 'S'ed clover," etc.,
represent the ])ercentage of gcrmiiuition secured by the diiferent labora-
tories in the United States and Canada, testing portions of the same
sample.

6

The Bulletin

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The Bulletin

TABLE No. 1.
Total Number of Samples of Agricultural Seeds Received.

Name

Alfalfa

Barley

Beans, Soja

Beans, Velvet

Blue Grass, Canada

Blue Grass, Kentucky

Cane

Clover, Alsike

Clover, Burr |

Clover, Crimson

Clover, Japan.

Clover, Red

Clover, Sweet

Clover, White

Corn, Field

Cotton

Cowpeas

Fescue, Meadow

Grass, Brome

Grass, Italian Rye a

Grass, Johnson

Grass, Orchard

Grass, Perennial Rye

Grass, Sudan

Grass, Tall Meadow Oat...

Millet, German

Millet, Pearl

Oats

Rape

Rcdtop

Rye

Timothy

Vetch, HprinR

Vetch, WintiT.

Wheat

Totals

Total of all nKricultural hcp(Ih

o

00

+3

0)

O

<y

a

S;^

E

a

(S

l-H

UJ

c3
m 3

CO hH

14

24

1

2

7

2

1

30

5

1

6

7

4

58

74

2

4

95

41

3

3

2

2

19

49

4

3

2

1

1

1

1

39

23

1

4

10

7

3

1

2

7

128

60

45

4

37

24

19

19

42

12

2

9

3

5

676

399

976

I'llK 1>I l.l.KTIN

TABLE No. 2.
Total Number of ISAMrL.Es of Vegetable Seeds Keceived.

Wholesale Dealer

American Seed Co., Detroit, Mich

W. W. Barnard Co.. Chicago, 111

J. Bolgiano & Sons, Baltimore, Md

Robert Biiist Co., Philadelphia, Pa

Everett B. Clark Seed Co., Milford, Conn

Crosman Bros. Co., Rochester, N. Y

Diggs & Beadles, Richmond, Va

D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich

Girardeau Seed Co., Monticello, Fla

Griffith & Turner Co., Baltimore, Md

Lake Shore Seed Co., Dunkirk, N. Y

D. Landreth Seed Co., Bristol, Pa

Leonard Seed Co., Chicago, 111

Louisville Seed Co., Louisville, Ky..

L. L. May & Co., St. Paul, Minn

George R. Pedrick & Son, Pedricktown, N. Y..

J. B. Rice Seed Co., Cambridge, N. Y

Rockford Seed Co., Rockford, 111

Slate Seed Co., South Boston, Va

T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond. Va

Wood. Stubbs & Co., Louisville, Ky

Dealer not given

Totals

igi4

g

2

63

113

5

233

95

54

27

18

73

84

•

818

1915 1916

8
3
2

47
2

10
2

92
1

25

47

27

1

38
1

26
3

40
3

27
7

23

3

23

30

31
1

36

10

13

94

46

30

30

5

23

445

365

10

The Bulletin

Seed Should be Tested and the Value Known Before Purchasing.

The wisdom of having seed tested and of knowing the actual cost and
value of the seed to be planted may be illustrated by the following data.
These samples were tested in the laboratory, and are fairly typical of
the different grades of seed offered on the market at the same price.

TABLE No. 3.

[ Laboratory
Number

1388
2232
1427
1409
2108
2024
1534
2157.

Kind of Seed

Crimson Clover

Crimson Clover

Red Clover

(A^o Dodder.)
Red Clover

{Dodrler Present.)
Orchard Grass

Orchard Grass

Redtop

Redtop

Retail Price

Actual Cost

$0.15 per pound.
.15 per pound.
.20 per pound.
.20 per ponnd-
.20 per pound.
.20 per pound.
.20 per pound.
.20 per pound.

$0.16 per pound...
1 .30 per pound...
.21 per pound...
.30 per pound...
.22 per pound...
.56 per pound...
.22 per pound...
.32 per pound...

Actual
Value

95 per cent.
11 per cent.

96 per cent.
48 per cent.
73 per cent.
25 per cent.
87 per cent.
37 per cent.

How TO Send Seed Samples for Testing.

Of the smaller seed, such as the grasses and clovers, about three or
four tablespoonfuls is a sufficient amount to send for testing. Of the
larger seeds, as corn and oats, about a cupful is necessary. The follow-
ing information should accompany all samples: Name and address of
wholesale and retail dealer, retail price, and name and address of
sender. Samples should be securely wrapped and addressed to

The North Carolina Seed L.\boratory,

Department of Agriculture,

Raleigh, N. C.

The Bulletin 11

TABLE No. 4.

Showing the Fii-ty Weed Seeds of Most Common Occurrence,
Found in All of the Samples Tested for Purity.

(849 Samples Examined.)

Scientific Name

1 Rumcx acetoscUa

2 Rumcx crispus

3 Plantago lanceolata

i Mcdicago lupulina

5 Plantago Rugelii ,

6 Lychnis alba

7 Alopecurus agrestis

8 Chffitochloa viridis

9 Potcntilla monspeliensis.

10 Achillea millefolium

11 Cerastium vulgatum

12 Juncua sp

13 Geranium dissectum

H Daucus carota

15 Lepidium apetalum.

16 Bromus secalinus

17 Cbenopodium album

18 Mc'lilotus alba

19 Sherardia ar\'cnsis

20 Bromus hordeaceus

2! Chaetochloa glauca

22 Ambrosia artemistefolia..

23 Vicia hirsuta

24 Anthyllis vulneraria

25 Kocllia sp

26 Bursa bursa-pastoris

27 Polygonum porsicaria...

28 Carex ccphalophora

29 Prunella vulgaris

30 Agrostemma githago

31 Panicularia amcricana ..

32 Holcus lanatus

33 Rudbcckia hirta

34 Lolium tcmulcntum

35 Veronica arvensis

36 Syntherisma sanguinale.

Common Name

Field Sorrel

Curled Dock

Buckhorn

Black Medirk

Rugel's Plantain

White Campion

Slender Foxtail

Green Foxtail

Rough Cinqucfoil

Yarrow

Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Rush

Cut- leaved Cranesbill.

Wild Carrot

Pepi>ergrass

Chess

Lamb's Quarters

White Sweet Clover

Blue Field-madder

Soft Chess

Yellow Foxtail

Western Ragweed

Hairy Tare

Kidney Vetch

Mountain Mint

Shepherd's Purse

Lady's-thumb

Oval-headed Sedge

Heal-all

Corn Cockle

Manna Grass

Velvet Grass

Black-eyed Susan

Darnel

Corn Speedwell

Crab-grass

Found in

208 samples
197 samples
182 samples
177 samples
118 samples
110 samples
109 samples
81 samples
80 samples
63 samples
61 samples .
60 samples
57 samples
56 samples
55 samples
55 samples
50 samples
49 samples
47 samples
45 samples
40 samples
39 samples
37 samples
37 samples
35 samples
34 samples
31 samples
2%samples
29 samples
27 samples
25 samples.
23 samples
22 samples
20 samples
20 samples
18 samples

12

The Bulletin

TABLE No. 4— CoNTiNOED.

Scientific Name

Common Name

Found in

37 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum

Ox-eye Daisy

17 samples

Hare's-ear M ustard

17 samples

3Q Goranium DUsilluni

Small-flowered Cranesbill

17 samples

Dove's-f oot Cranesbill

17 samples

Smartweed

15 samples

4*^ Polvifonum convolvulus

Black Bindweed..

15 samples

Evening Primrose

15 samples

44 PlantaffO aristaia

Arista te Plantain

14 samples

Corn Gromwell

14 samples

4fi T*^rhinochloa crus-calli

Barnyard Grass

14 samples

Meadow Soft Grass

12 samples

48 Plantaffo maior

Plantain.

11 samples

Mayweed

11 samples

Jifl Allium vin6ale

Wild Garlic

11 samples

TlIK Bli-lktix

13

TAr.I.K Xo. u.
Tobacco Skkd Hecleaned fob the Farmers of the State.

Laboratory
Number

5484
5475
5437
5499
5448
5446
5423
5494
5395
5432
5417
5479
5452
5467
5455
5398
5426
5474
5430
5480
5459
5481
5424
5439
5397
5473
5476
5431
5429
5472
5450
5444
5470
5462
5440
5428

Name and Address of Sender

Quint Adams, R. F. D. 1, Garner, X. C

John Albertson, Kcnansvillc, N. C

J. R. & J. A. Aldridgo, Haw River, N. C

J. H. Arnold. R. F. D. 3, Neuse, N. C

R. A. Bailey, Robersonville, N. C

R. F. Beasley, R. F. D. 1. Smith, N. C

S. A. Beasl.y, U. F. D. 1. Peter's Creek, Va....

G. M. Beavers. R. F. D. 1, Apex, N. C

T. B. Bennett. R. F. D. 3, Stantonsburg, N. C.

G. H. Bergcson, Washington, N. C

E. L. Boswell, Union Ridge, N. C

H. T. Brown. Sandy Ridge. N. C

E. P. Burge, R. F. D. 3, Pilot Mountain. N. C.

G. T. Burge, R. F. D. 3. Pinnacle, N. C

W. B. Byrum, R. F. D. 1. HarrellsvUle, N. C...
Elias Carr. Raleigh. N. C

D. C. Chamblee, Zebulon, N. C

J. E. Clack. Dabney, N. C

R. B. Courts, Reidsville. N. C

Dan Valley Farm. Blanch. N. C „.

J. M. Davis. Boonvillc, N. C

J. R. Dozier, Fountain, N. C

H. G. Ellington, R. F. D. 5, Henderson, N. C.

E. L. Evans, HarrcUsville, N. C

J. E. Ferguson, R. F. D. 7, Raleigh, N. C

B. L. Fling. Middleburg. N. C

R. E. L. Flippin. Pilot Mountain. N. C

H. G. Forney, Bricks, N. C

H.G. Forney, Bricks, X. C

F. C. Glasgow, R. F. D. 4, Louisburg. N. C

E. A. Glover. Dabney. N. C

P. B. Goodson. Mount Olive. N. C

S. W. Greenway. Dabney. N. C ,

J. O. Green. Franklinton, N. C

R. N. Harper. R. F. D. 4. Nashville. N. C

E. C. Harris. R. F. D. 3. Oxford. N. C

Amount of
Recleaned

Seed
Returned

115 c.

c.

118 c.

c.

62 c.

c.

15 c.

c.

190 c.

c.

140 c.

c.

168 c.

c.

25 c.

c.

415 c.

c.

105 c.

c.

480 c.

c.

39 c.

c.

80 c.

c.

140 c.

c.

85 c.

c.

250 c.

c.

124 c.

c.

115 c.

c.

105 c.

c.

100 c.

c.

54 c.

c.

95 c.

c.

277 c.

c.

125 c.

c.

270 c.

c.

112 c.

c.

128 c.

c.

105 c.

c.

90 c.

c.

445 c.

c.

350 c.

c.

38 c.

c.

340 c.

c.

385 c.

c.

95 c.

c.

120 c.

c.

14

The Bulletin

TABLE No. 5— Continued.

Laboratory

Number

5402
5416
5415
5419
5497
5454
5465
5460
5420
5445
5442
5483
5496
5486
.5422
5485
5468
5464
5447
5457
5466
5461
5421
5487
5405
5413
5493
5488
5458
5498
5400
5443
5491
5463
5404
5408
5496
5434
5400

H. B. Harris, R. F. D. 6, Oxford. N. C

W. T. Hawkins, Hurdle Mills, N. C

J. R. Herndon, R. F. D. 3, Durham, N. C

G. B. Hicks, R. F. D. 1, Knightdale, N. C -

H. T. Highfill, Mayodan, N. C

Willie Hinton, R. F. D. 4, Apex, N. C

Monroe Hunter, R. F. D. 1, Mount Airy, N. C...

S. W. Ipock, Grifton, N. C

J. L. Jackson, R. F. D. 4, Mount Airy, N. C

Clayton Jeffries, R. F. D. 3, Mebane, N. C

James Jeffries, Watson, N. C

J. W. Jeffries, R. F. D. 3, Mebane, N. C

J. W. Jeffries, R. F. D. 3, Mebane, N. C

W. A. Jeffries, R. F. D. 3, Mebane, N. C

H. A. Jenkins, Robersonville, N. C

F. D. Jones, R. F. D. 1, Kernersville. N. C ,

G. H. Jones, Willow Springs; N. C

J. T. Joyce, R. F. D. 2, Sandy Ridge, N. C

J. W. Joyce, Sandy Ridge, N. C

W. A. Kealon, R. F. D. 4, Mount Airy, N. C

C. L. Lasater, R. F. D. 4, Apex, N. C

J. R. Lasater, R. F. D. 4, Apex, N. C

A. B. Lassiter, R. F. D. 1, Smithfield, N. C

Peter Liggions, R. F. D. 3, Mebane, N. C

Thomas S. Mallory, R. F. D. 2, Rcidsville, N. C.

T. M. Martin, Sandy Ridge, N. C

J. H. Massey, R. F. D. 2, Zebulon, N. C

George H. Maurice, Eagle Springs, N. C

W. H. Maynard, R. F. D. 0, Durham, N. C

M. V. Mooneyhan, R. F. D. 5, Raleigh. N. C

I. M. Moore, Stokes, N. C

L. O. Moseley, Kinston, N. C

E. W. Ncel, R. F. D. 2, Princeton, N. C

L. E. Nichols, Siloam, N. C

J. G. Oakley, R. F. D. 7, Raleigh, N. C

Alfred Plummcr, Middlrhurg, N. C

L. L. Powell. Blanch. N. C

R. T. Rimmcr. Hurdle Mills. N. C

J. D. RosH. R. F. D. 6. Durham. N. C

Amount of
Recleaned

Seed
Returned

134 c

c.

125 c

c.

145 c

c.

260 c

c.

55 c

c.

85 c

c.

13 c

c.

1,100c

c.

60 c

c.

83 c.

c.

250 c.

c.

70 c

c.

190 c.

c.

70 c.

c.

135 c.

c.

45 c.

c.

403 c.

c.

80 c.

c.

95 c.

c.

65 c.

c.

95 c.

c.

300 c.

c.

75 c.

c.

155 c.

c.

273 c.

c.

175 c.

c.

140 c.

c.

340 c.

c.

100 c.

c.

113 c.

c.

680 c.

c.

72 c.

c.

50 c.

c.

68 c.

c.

265 0.

c.

170 c.

c.

160 c.

c.

200 c.

c.

117 c.

0.

The Bulletin

15

TABLE No. 5— CoNTiNUBD.

Laboratory
Number

Name and Addrcsa of Sender

Amount of
Roclcaned

Seed
Returned

5451

W. T. Uowlond, Middleburg. N. C

115 c . c.

S435

\V. H. Rudder. Hurdle Mills, N. C

30 c c

5403

R. 11. Russell, R. F. D. 5, Roxboro, N. C

68 c. c.

5406

John Scott, R. F. D. 2, Reids\'ille, N. C

232 c. c.

5469

C. F. Shields, R. F. D. 1, Kerncrsville. N. C

55 c. c.

5411

E. E. Slaughter, R. F. D. 3, Pilot Mountain, N. C

35 c. c.

6409

George Sloan, Apex, N. C

70 c. c.

6427

L F. Smith, Walstonburg. N. C

157 c. c.

6407

A. F. Snody, Mount Airy. N. C

320 c. c.

6478

\\. 0. Tanner, R. F. 1). 1. Norlina, N. C

195 c. c.

6399

n. E. Taylor. R. F. D. 2, Mount Airy, N. C

95 c. c.

5418

O. K. Taylor, VVhitakers, N. C

100 c. c.

,5396

Per\i3 Tilley, Bahama, N. C

14,290 c. c.

5401

Per\-is Tilloy, Bahama, N. C

47,635 c. c.
200 c. c.

5477

J. W. Turner, R. F. D. 3, Burlington, N. C

5456

W. J. Turner, R. F. D. 3, Burlington, N. C

150 c. c.

5482

O. B. Umstead. R. F. D. 1, Stagville, N. C

100 c. c.

5449

W. C. Vick, R. F. D. 2, Spring Hope, N. C

83 c. c.

5436

S. J. Vincent, R. F. D. 2, Greenville, N. C

215 c. c.

5492

J. F. Walters, Blanch, N. C...

80 c c

5441

J. I. Warner, King, N. C

60 c. c.

5412

W. C. Warren, R. F. D. 3, Burlington, N. C

90 c c

5489

T. F. Wiggins. Middleburg, N. C

105 c. c.

5433

R. L. Wilburn, Hurdle Mills, N. C

135 c. c

5471

G. N. Wilder, R. F. D. 2, Spring Hope, N. C...

25 c c

5425

G. N. Wilder. R. F. D. 2, Spring Hope. N. C

15 c. c.

5410

D. W. L. Wilkins, Kinston, N. C

115 0. c.

6453

W. J. Wilson, Apex, N. C '.

120 c. c.

5438

C. L. Wrenn. R. F. D. 2. Garner, N. C

480 c. c.

5414

M. T. Yates. Apex. N. C

ToteL

105 c. c.

1

78,386 c. c.

1

16 The Bulletin

TABLE No. 6.

Agricultural Seeds From the Following 45 Wholesale Dealers
Were Collected From the North Carolina Market and Tested.

Dealer. Location.

Adams Grain and Provision Co Charlotte, N. C.

Adams Grain and Provision Co Norfolk, Va.

Adams Grain and Provision Co Richmond, Va.

Beveridgc, S. T., & Co Richmond. Va.

Blamberg Bros Baltimore, Md.

Bolgiano, J., & Son Baltimore, Md.

BufRngton. J. J., & Co Baltimore, Md.

Buist, Robert Co Philadelphia, Pa.

Carter, Venable & Co Richmond, Va.

Deans. P. B Wilson, N. C.

Diggs & Beadles Richmond. Va.

Dixon, D. H Goldsboro. N. C.

Durham Seed House Durham, X. C.

Gillette Grain Co Nashville, Tenn.

Gore, D. L Wilmington. X. C.

Griffith-Turner Co Baltimore, Md.

Hackney. Broyles & Lackey Knoxville, Tenn.

Hall & Pearsall Wilmington, N. C.

Hamilton. Bacon, Hamilton Co Bristol, Tenn.

Hardin, Hamilton & Lewman Louisville, Ky.

Hickory Seed Co Hickory, N. C.

Hines, E. G Goldsboro, N. C.

Kirby Seed Co Gaffney, S. C.

Landreth, D., Seed Co Bristol, Pa.

Louisville Seed Co Louisville, Ky.

McXair & Pearsall Wilmington, X. C.

Mayo Milling Co Richmond, Va.

Xational Seed Co Louisville, Ky.

Pearsall & Co Wilmington, X. C.

Philadelphia Seed Co Philadelphia. Pa.

Radvvancr, I. L New York. .\. Y.

Rice, Jerome B., Seed Co Cambridge, N. Y.

Richardson, W. F., Jr., & Co Richmond, Va.

Roanoke Seed & Supply Co Roanoke. Va.

Roper & Co Petersburg, Va.

Savage, N. R., & Son Richmoiul, Va.

Scarlett, Wm. G., & Co Baltimore. Md.

Slate Seed Co South Boston, Va.

Slayden, Fakes & Co Asheville. N. C.

Smith Seed & Feed Co Danville, Va.

Strieker. L. R Asheville, N. C.

Tait, Geo., & Son {{icliMuind, Va.

Tate, W. R Nashville. Tenn.

Wood, T. W., & Sons Richnumd, Va.

Wood, Stubbs & Co Louisville. Kv.

Tjie Bulletin 17

TABLE No. 7.

Addresses and Xames ok litl Ketail Dealers in !•:! TttwNS, From
Whom Agricultural Seed Samples Were Collected and Tested.

Location. Dealer.

Ahoskie S. E. Dilday.

Andrews W. B. F'isher.

Asheboro Randolph Supply Co.

Asheboro I. T. Turner.

Asheville Grant'.s Pharmacy.

Asheville T. S. Morri.son & Co.

Ashoville I-'- R. Strieker.

A>den •!■ R. Smith & Co.

Belhaven J. F. Bishop.

Benson C. T. Johnson.

Benson Parrish. Goodwin Co.

Benson Peacock Drug Co.

Benson J. Tf. Wheeler.

Boone M. B. Blackburn.

Brevard W. S. Ash worth & Sons.

Brevard Brevard Hardware Co.

Bryson City D. K. Collins.

Bryson'City J. H. Ditmore.

Burlaw Pender Cash Grocery Co.

Canton G. L. Hampton.

Canton W. T. Sharp.

Charlotte Davidson & Wolfe.

Charlotte .Johnston Bros.

Clayton J. J. Barbour & Sons.

Clayton Ashley Home & Sons.

Clinton Butler & Honeycutt.

Clinton W. D. Kelly.

Clinton .■ D. M. Patrick & Co.

Clinton J. C. Peterson.

Clinton B. F. Powell.

Clinton Register Bros.

Dillsboro Holmes Brvson.

Dunn W. D. Holland.

Dunn Hood & Grantham.

Durham Durham Seed House.

Elizabeth City i'. P. Nash.

Elizabeth Citv Spence & Hollowell.

Elizabeth Citv W. S. White & Co.

Elkin S. W. Y. Supply Co.

Elm City J- L. Bailey.

Elm Citv Braswell, Dawes & Co.

Elm Citv R. S. Wells.

Fair Bluff Rogers & Waddell.

Fairmont A. .T. Floyd.

Fairmont P. R. Floyd.

Fairmont W. A. Griffin.

Faison J. F. Faison.

Faison Faison Drug Co.

Fayetteville A. S. Huske.

Fremont Z. M. L. Peacock.

Gastonia Gaston Seed & Provision Co.

Gastonia Lineberger Seed Co.

Goldsboro \r. .T. Rest & Sons.

Goldsboro Jeffreys & Sons.

18 The Bulletin

Location. Dealer.

Goldsboro B. G. Thompson & Sous.

Goldsboro T. N. Waters & Bro.

Granite Palls L. T. Sharp.

Greensboro Carolina Warehouse Co.

Greensboro J. F. Fulton.

Greensboro Scott Seed Co.

Greenville W. H. Allen.

Greenville J. B. Johnston.

Greenville S. M. Schultz.

Greenville Winslow & Allen.

Halifax N. L. Stedman & Co.

Hazelwood W. H. McClure.

Henderson Harris & Evans.

Henderson Landis Grocery Co.

Henderson W. W. Parker.

Hendersonville Bly Hardware Co.

Hendersonville Byers Bros.

Hendersonville J. O. Houston & Son.

Hendersonville Hunter's Pharmacy.

Hickory Boyd Feed Co.

Hickory City Feed Co.

Hickory Hickory Seed Co.

High Point High Point Hardware Co.

Jacksonville S. W. Aman & Sons.

Jacksonville W. H. Home & Co.

Jefferson E. A. McNeill.

Kernersville W. S. Linville & Son.

Kinston Churchill & Co.

Kinston C. A. Dawson & Bro.

Kinston J. E. Hood & Co.

Kinston Lenoir Drug Co.

Kinston E. B. Marston Drug Co.

Kinston Temple Drug Co.

La Grange J. P. Walters.

Laurel Springs W. R. McNeill.

Laurel Springs P. Miller.

Lenoir Harrison & Co.

Lexington Lexington Hardware Co.

Lexington S. L. Owen.

Lexington Penry Grocery Co.

Lillington Atkins Bros.

Lincolnton Lincoln Farmers' Union Warehouse Co.

Littleton Eugene Johnson.

Littleton S. J. Stallings.

Macon W. G. Egerton.

Macon E. B. Stallings.

Marion J. D. Blanton.

Marshall W. J. Gudger & Sons.

Marshall R. N. Ramsey.

Maxton J. W. Carter & Co.

Mocksvillp Dwiggins & Green.

Mocksville C. C. Sanford's Sons Co.

Mocksville Walker's Bargain House.

Monroe F. B. Ashcraft.

Mooresville Harris & McNcely.

Moorcsville W. M. Neel & Co.

Morgan ton Farmers' Union Warehouse Co.

Morganton L. A. Kincaid.

Morgan ton Leslie's Drug Store.

Mount Airy W. E. Merritt & Co.

Mount Airy Mount Airy Feed Store.

Mount Airy Arnold Quesinberry.

TlIK Bui.I.KTIX 19

Location. Dealer.

Mount Holly P. IT. Dunn.

.Mount Olive Y. H. Knowles & Co.

-Mount Olive W. P. KorncKay.

.Mount Olive M. W. Pope.

.Mount Olive Rose & Herring.

Muri)iiv Folm E. Fain.

.Murphy li. H. Hyatt & Co.

Nashville Cockeroll & William.s.

Nashville King Co-operative Co.

Nashville Nash Supply Co.

Nashville B. H. B. Vester.

Nashville J. D. Winstead.

New Bern C. B. Hill.

New Bern J. A. Meadows.

New Bern C. L. Spencer.

-Newton Catawba Co. Farmers' Union Whse. Co.

Newton George Moose.

North Wilkeslwro C. Call.

North Wilkesboro Miller Grocery Co.

Oxford L. Thomas.

Raleigh S. J. Adams.

Raleigh W. A. Myatt.

Raleigh F. W. Parker Drug Co.

Red Springs Garrett & .McNeill.

Red Springs Red Springs Drug Co.

Reidsville Hazell & Mims.

Reidsville C. H. Pettigrew.

Reidsville W. P. Ware.

Rocky IMount Dozier. Thorne & Co.

Rocky Mount H. C. Joyner.

Rural Hall K. L. Kiser & Co.

Salisbury W. L. Kluttz.

Salisbury M. C. Rnlty.

Sanford Wilkins, Ricks & Co.

Scotland Neck Burroughs. Pittman & Wheeler.

Scotland Neck Edwards & Co.

Scotland Neck f. r. Josey.

"Shelby U.V,. Kendall.

Shelby McIMurrv, Hall & Co.

Shelby j. E. Webb.

Siler City H. C. Reece.

Southport p. O. T^eggett.

Statesville Sherrill & Reese.

Statesville ]•. E. Sloop.

Sylva Svlva Supply Co.

Tabor H. C. Jarrell.

Tarboro W. s. Clark & Sons.

Tarboro r. r. Peters Grocery Co.

Tarboro Robinson-Ruffin Co.

Taylorsville f. B. Barnes.

Todd W. s. Miller & Co.

Vineland Powell 6 Co.

Vi Poland Vineland Dry Goods Co.

Wadesboro Fox & Lyon.

Wadesboro J. D. Howe.

Warsaw Hobbs & Russ.

Warsaw T. C. Russ.

Warsaw Wilson & Hill.

Washington E. P. Cartt^- & Co.

Washington Tonathan Havens.

Waynesville Hyatt & Co.

West Jefferson .Ashe Supply & Hardware Co.

20 The Bulletin

Location. Dealer.

West Jefferson West Jefferson Supply Co.

Williamston Harrison Bros. & Co.

Wilmington D. L. Gore.

Wilmington W. J. Kirkham & Co.

Wilson Hadley-Harris Co.

Wilson Doane Herring.

Wilson RufRn-High Co.

Wilson P. L. Woodard Co.

Windsor J. B. Gilliam.

Winston-Salem R'armers' Cash Seed & Feed Co.

Winston-Salem Farmers' Union Agency Co.

n'inston-Salem Piedmont Feed Store.

Winston-Salem Riggins Feed & Seed Co.

Thk Bi'lletix

21

TABLE iS^o. 8.

Aqkicultural Seed Samples Weke Collected in the Following

Sixty-three Counties.

Alexander.

Alleghany.

Anson.

Ashe.

Beaufort.

Bertie.

Brunswick.

Buncombe.

Burke.

Caldwell.

Catawba.

Chatham.

Cherokee.

Cleveland.

Columbus.

Craven.

Cumbcrlanfl.

Davidson.

Davie.

Duplin.

Durham.

Edgecombe.

Forsyth.

Gaston.

Granville.

Guilford.

Halifax.

Harnett.

Haywood.

Henderson.

Hertford.

Iredell.

Jackson.

Johnston.

Lee.

Lenoir.

Lincoln.

IVIcDowell.

Madison.

Martin.

Mecklenburg.

Nash.

New Hanover,

Onslow.

Pasquotank.

Pender.

Pitt.

Randolph.

Robeson.

Rockingham.

Rowan.

Sampson.

Surry.

Swain.

Transylvania.

Union.

Vance.

Wake.

Warren.

Watauga.

Wavne.

Wilkes.

Wilson.

22 The Bulletin

TABLE ]S^o. 9.

Addresses and Names of 90 Retail Dealers in 56 Towns, Fro^f
WnoM Vegetable Seed Samples "Were Collected and Tested.

Location. Dealer.

Asheboro A. O. Free.

Asheville Grant's Pharmacy.

Asheville L. R. Strieker.

Brevard Brevard Hardware Co.

Brevard McAfee, Brodie Drug Co.

Burgaw W. R. Harrell.

Canton W. G. Cole.

Chadbourn Brown Mercantile Co.

Claremont J. W. Setzar.

Clinton J. C. Peterson.

Columbia Davis Brothers.

Dunn W- O. Holland.

Elm City George A. Barnes.

Elizabeth City T. P. Nash.

Elizabeth City W. S. White & Co.

Faison I. F. Faison.

Fayetteville A. S. Huske.

Gastonia Lineberger Seed Co.

Goldsboro B. G. Thompson.

Goldsboro T. N. Waters & Bro.

Granite Falls L. T. Sharp.

Greensboro Carolina Warehouse Co.

Greensboro Scott Seed Co.

Greenville W. H. Allen.

Henderson Dorsey Drug Co.

Henderson W. W. Parker.

Hendersonville Hunter's Pharmacy.

Hobgood R. J. Shields.

Jacksonville " W. H. Home & Sons.

Kinston Dunn's Standard Drug Store.

Kinston J- E. Hood & Co.

Kinston '. Lenoir Drug Co.

Kinston K. B. Marston Drug Co.

Kinston : .Temple Drug Co.

Laurinburg McLaurin & Shaw.

Lenoir Harrison & Co.

I.,owiston W. S. Bazemore.

Lexington R- L. Leonard.

Lexington Smith Grocery Co.

Lincolnton W. C. Asbury.

Lincolnton Lincoln Drug Co.

Lincolnton T. H. Rudisill & Co.

Maxfon -T. W. Carter & Co.

.Maxton Pace Grocery Co.

Monroe Simpson's Drug Store.

Morganton L. A. Kincaid.

Morganton W. A. Leslie.

Morganton T. C. Morgan & Co.

Mount Olive W. P. KoriK'gay.

Mount Olive ^r. W. Pope.

Murfrocsboro T. H. Nicholson.

Murphy R. H. H.vatt & Co.

Nashville Nash Supplv Co.

Nashville J. O. Winstead.

TllK BULLKTIN 23

Location. Dealer.

New Bern J. F. Clarke.

New Bern A. S. Spencer.

New Bern f . C. Whitty & Co.

Newton Freeze Drug Co.

North Wilkesboro .Miller Grocery Co.

Oxford I. G. Hall.

Kaleiyh S.J. Adams.

Kaleigh P. W. Parker Drug Co.

Raleigh P. W. Woolworth Co.

Red Springs lied Springs Drug Co.

Roeky .Mount F. W. Davenport.

Rot-ky Mount H. C. Jovner.

Rose Hill R. D. Usher.

Salisbury \V. L. Klultz.

Shelby H. E. Kendall.

Shelby J. E. Webb.

Shelby Paul Webb.

Southport P. 0. Leggett.

Southport Watson's Pharmacy Co.

Tarboro R. E. L. Cook.

Tarboro Cumniing's Grocery Co.

Tryon John L. Jackson Co.

Vineland Powell & Co.

Vineland Vineland Dry Goods Co.

Wadesboro M. A. Gilniore & Co.

Wadesboro W. X. Jeans.

Wadesboro Parson's Drug Co.

Warsaw Chas. L. Johnson.

Washington E. P. Carter & Co.

Wilmington R. R. Bellamy.

Wilmington W. J. Kirkham & Co.

Wilson Ruffin-High Co.

Wilson T. D. Williams.

Winston-Salem Farmers' Union Agency.

Winston-Salem Riggins Feed & Seed Co.

24 TiiK Bulletin

TABLE ^o. 10.

Vegetable Seeds From the Following 16 Wholesale Dealers Were
Collected From the ^North Carolina Market and Tested.

Dealer. Location.

American Seed Co Detroit, Mich.

Barnard, W. W., & Co Chicago, 111.

Buist, Robert, Co Philadelphia. Pa.

Clark, Everett B., Seed Co Milford, Conn.

Crosman Bros. Co Rochester, N. Y.

Diggs & Beadles Richmond, Va.

Ferry, D. M.. & Co Detroit, Mich.

Griffith & Turner Co Baltimore, Md.

Lake Shore Seed Co Dunkirk, N. Y.

I^andreth, D.. Seed Co Bristol, Pa.

Leonard Seed Co Chicago, 111.

Louisville Seed Co Louisville, Kv.

Rice, J. B., Seed Co Cambridge. N. Y.

Slate Seed Co South Boston. Va.

Wood, Stubbs & Co Louisville, Ky.

Wood, T. W., & Sons Richmond, Va.

'I'lIK HlI.I.KTTX

TABLE No. 11.

VEr.KTAnr.E Seed Samples Were Collected ix the Following

FOKTY-SEVEN CoUNTIES.

Anson.

Beaufort.

Bertie.

Brunswick.

Buncombe.

Burke.

Catawba.

Caldwell.

Cherokee.

Cleveland.

Columbus.

Craven.

Cumberland.

Davidson.

Duplin.

Edgecombe.

Forsyth.

Gaston.

Granville.

Guilford.

Halifax.

Harnett.

Haywood.

Henderson.

Hertford.

Lenoir.

Lincoln.

Nash.

New Hanover.

Onslow.

Pasquotank.

Pender.

Pitt.

I'olk.

Randolph.

Kobeson.

Rowan.

Sampson.

Scotland.

Transylvania.

Tyrrell. .

Union.

Vance.

Wake.

Wayne.

Wilkes.

Wilson.

26

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McLaurin & Shaw, Laurinburg, N. C

H. C. Joyner, Rocky Mount, N. C

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Paul Webb, Shelby, N. C

George A. Barnes, Elm City, N. C

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Cummings' Grocery Co., Tarboro, N. C

Lincoln Drug Co.. Lincolnton, N. C

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The Bulletin

TABLE XVI.

Showing Number and Average Per Cent op Germination of Vegetable Seed Samples
Tested, According to Wholesale Dealers.

Wholesale Dealer

Number of
Samples
Tested

Average
Per Cent of
Germination

American Seed Co., Detroit, Mich ,

W. W. Barnard Co., Chicago, 111

Robert Buist Co., Philadelphia, Pa

Everett B. Clarke Seed Co., Milford, Conn

Crosman Bros. Co., Rochester, N. Y

Diggs & Beadles, Richmond, Va

D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich

Griffith & Turner Co., Baltimore, Md

Lake Shore Seed Co., Dunkirk, N. Y

D. Landreth Seed Co., Bristol, Pa

Leonard Seed Co., Chicago, 111

Louisville Seed Co., Louisville, Ky

J. B. Rice Seed Co., Cambridge, N. Y

Slate Seed Co., South Boston, Va

Wood, Stubbs & Co., Louisville, Ky

T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va

Dealer not given

26

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67.33
95.50
80.14
92.17
52.22
82.93
82.22
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80.98
74.29
91.00
80.35
84.39
86.00
84.94
72.03

^IIE HULI.KTIN

OP TUB

NOliTII CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RALEIGH

Vol. 37, No. 10 OCTOBER, 1916 Whole No. 225

(FALL SEASON, 1915
I. ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS {

(SPRING SEASON, 1916

IL ANALYSES OF COTTON-SEED MEAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION.

Entcre<l at the Postofrice nt Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter,
February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900.

Edwards & Brooohtok Printino Co.
Stats Printers

ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS
FALL SEASON, 1915; SPRING SEASON, 1916

By B. W. Kilgoue,
W. G. Havwoou, J. Q. Jackson, E. S. Dewau, E. B. Haht and F. C. Wiggins.

The analyses presented in this Bulletin are of samples collected by
the fertilizer inspectors of the Department, under the direction of the
Commissioner of Ac:ricultnrc, during fall months of 1915 and the spring
months of 1916. They should receive the careful study of every farmer
in the State who uses fertilizers, as by comparing the analyses in the
Bulletin with the claims made for the fertilizers actually used, the
fanner can know by or before the time fertilizers are put in the ground
whether or not they contain the fertilizing constituents in the amounts
they were claimed to be present.

TERMS USED IN ANALYSES

Water-soluble Phosphoric Acid. — Phosphate rock, as dug from the
mines, mainly in South Carolina, Florida, and Tennessee, is the chief
source of phosphoric acid in fertilizers.

In its raw, or natural, state the phosphate has three parts of lime
united to the phosphoric acid (called by chemists tricalcium phosphate).
This is very insoluble in water and is not in condition to be taken up
readily by plants. In order to render it soluble in water and fit for
plant food, the rock is finely ground and treated with sulphuric acid,
which acts upon it in such a way as to take from the three-lime phos-
phate two parts of its lime, thus leaving only one part of the lime united
to the phosphoric acid. This one-lime phosphate is what is known as
water-soluble phosphoric acid.

Br verted Phosphoric Acid. — On long standing some of this water-
soluble phosphoric acid has a tendency to take lime from other substances
in contact with it, and to become somewhat less soluble. This latter is
known as reverted or gone-back phosphoric acid. This is thought to
contain two parts of lime in combination with the phosphoric acid, and is
thus an intermediate product between water-soluble and the original rock.

"Water-soluble phosphoric acid is considered somewhat more valuable
than reverted, because it becomes better distributed in the soil as a con-
sequence of its solubility in water.

Available Phosphoric Acid is made up of the water-soluble and re-
verted ; it is the sum of these two.

8 The Bulletin

In Mixed Fertilizers

For phosphoric acid 5 cents per pound

For nitrogen .' 21 cents per pound

For potash 25 cents per pound

HOW RELATIVE VALUE IS CALCULATED

In the calculation of relative value it is only necessary to remember
that so many per cent means the same number of pounds per hundred,
and that there are twenty hundre'3 pounds in one ton (2,000 pounds).

With an 8-2-1.65 goods, which means that the fertilizer contains avail-
able phosphoric acid 8 per cent, potash 2 per cent, and nitrogen 1.65 per

cent, the calculation is made as follows :

Value per Value per Ton,
Percentage or Lbs. in 100 Lbs. 100 Lbs. 2,000 Lbs.

8 pounds available phosphoric acid at 5 cents 0.40 X20 % 8.00

1.65 pounds nitrogen at 21 cents 0.3465X20 6.93

2 pounds potash at 25 cents 0.50 X20 10.00

Total value 1.2465X20 $24.93

Freight and merchant's commission must be added to these prices.

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